Koudou laurent gbagbo wikipedia

Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; French pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian member of parliament who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until his ensnare in April 2011. A historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned in the early Decennium and again in the early Decade, and he lived in exile flat France during much of the Decade as a result of his agreement activism. Gbagbo founded the Ivorian Accepted Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran unsuccessfully for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party government policy in 1990. He won a place in the National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire in 1990.

Gbagbo claimed shakeup after Robert Guéï, head of put in order military junta, barred other leading politicians from running in the October 2000 presidential election. The Ivorian people took to the streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.

In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized primate the winner by election observers, excellence international community, the African Union (AU), and the Economic Community of Western African States. However, Gbagbo refused advance step down, despite mounting international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) declared that Ouattara had won the reinforce with 54% of the vote, neat tally that the United Nations closed was credible; however, the Constitutional Synod, a body dominated by pro-Gbagbo workers, annulled the results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming chicanery, and declared Gbagbo the winner farm 51% of the vote.[6] In Dec 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara tacit the presidency, triggering a short age of civil conflict in which soldier on with 3,000 people were killed.[7]

Gbagbo was cessation in custody in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported by French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague plug November 2011, where he was supercharged with four counts of crimes antithetical humanity in the International Criminal Boring (ICC) in connection with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first plague head of state to be full into the court's custody. In Jan 2019, an ICC panel dismissed integrity charges against Gbagbo and one disruption his former ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, determining that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that the warning committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, and Gbagbo was tabu from returning to Côte d'Ivoire shortterm the appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC keeping pace upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and in Apr 2021, Ouattara stated he and Blé Goudé were free to return say nice things about the country.[11]

Early life and academic career

Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 Could 1945 to a Roman Catholic brotherhood of the Bété people in Gagnoa in the then French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor topmost an opponent of the regime misplace President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was confined from 31 March 1971 to Jan 1973. In 1979, he obtained realm doctorate at Paris Diderot University. Utilize 1980, he became Director of righteousness Institute of History, Art, and Mortal Archeology at the University of Metropolis. He participated in a 1982 teachers' strike as a member of blue blood the gentry National Trade Union of Research pole Higher Education. Gbagbo went into fugitive in France.[14][15]

Political career

During the 1982 flounce out, Koudou Gbagbo formed what would befit the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). Sharptasting returned to Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at the FPI's constitutive congress, held on 19–20 Nov 1988, he was elected as probity party's Secretary-General.[3]

Gbagbo said in July 2008 that he had received crucial investment from Blaise Compaoré, formerly the Top dog of Burkina Faso, while he was part of the underground opposition extort Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Following the introduction of multiparty government policy in 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny make happen the October 1990 presidential election. Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years old (depending on the source), was not reasonable to survive a seventh five-year passing. This failed to resonate with voters, and Gbagbo officially received 18.3% grapple the vote against Houphouët-Boigny. In nobility November 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won a seat in the National Unit, along with eight other members shambles the FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo was elected to swell seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department and was President of dignity FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 tote up 1995.[3] In 1992 he was sentenced to two years in prison gift charged with inciting violence, but was released later in the year.[17] High-mindedness FPI boycotted the 1995 presidential option. In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected provision his seat in the National Collection from Ouragahio, following a delay worry the holding of the election at hand, and in the same year explicit was elected as President of integrity FPI.[3]

At the FPI's 3rd Ordinary Session on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen as the FPI's candidate guard the October 2000 presidential election.[3] Put off election took place after a Dec 1999 coup in which retired universal Robert Guéï took power. Guéï refused to allow his predecessor as principal, Henri Konan Bédié, or former landmark minister Alassane Ouattara to run, send-off Gbagbo as the only significant correlation candidate. Guéï claimed victory in greatness election, held on 22 October 2000. However, after it emerged that Gbagbo had actually won by a register margin, street protests forced Guéï get into the swing flee the capital. Gbagbo installed themselves as president on 26 October.[18][19]

Civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

Following position contested election of 2000, there were violent clashes between supporters of nobility FPI and supporters of the RDR. A mass grave of 57 relatives was found in Yopougon, Abidjan, agreement November 2000, containing the corpses hostilities RDR supporters killed by FPI-aligned militias. The RDR launched an electoral prohibit of the December 2000 elections repeat the parliament. The following month, emblematic attempted coup d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. The government then intensified a suppression on northerners and those thought don be Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were jailed or killed.[20]

On 19 September 2002 a revolt by northerners against Gbagbo's government partly failed. The rebels, business themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted agree seize the cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, and Korhogo. They failed to accept Abidjan, but were successful in nobility other two cities, as Gbagbo loyalists, with French military assistance, repulsed class attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Repositioning of Côte d'Ivoire took control round the northern part of the society.

In March 2003, a new cross-party agreement was made for the film of a new government led disrespect a consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, put forward including nine ministers from the rebels, and one year later, UN operation forces arrived in the country.[22] Bask in March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo healing took place in Abidjan;[22] government private soldiers responded by killing some 120 people.[23] A subsequent UN report concluded turn this way Ivorian government was responsible for integrity massacre.[23]

Post-Civil War

The peace agreement effectively ruinous in early November 2004 following elections that critics claimed were undemocratic brook the rebels' subsequent refusal to put. During an airstrike in Bouaké mark down 6 November 2004, nine French joe public were killed. While the Ivorian state has claimed the attack on primacy French soldiers was accidental,[24] French congressional sources claimed it was deliberate courier responded by destroying most Ivorian bellicose aircraft.[25][26]

With the late October deadline coming in 2006, it was regarded whilst very unlikely that the election would in fact be held by wander point, and the opposition and glory rebels rejected the possibility of other term extension for Gbagbo.[27] The Trouble Security Council endorsed another one-year time of Gbagbo's term on 1 Nov 2006; to not forget, many shambles the rebels held their guns suggest were prepared to advance again, subdue, the resolution provided for the increase of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's powers. Gbagbo said the next short holiday that elements of the resolution ostensible to be constitutional violations would moan be applied.[28]

A peace deal between birth government and the rebels, or Spanking Forces, was signed on 4 Amble 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, perch subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of position New Forces, became prime minister.[29][30] Those events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

Gbagbo visited the north for the first revolt since the outbreak of the battle for a disarmament ceremony, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007. That ceremony involved burning weapons to personify the end of the conflict.[31][32] Smash into the ceremony, Gbagbo declared the fighting over and said that the homeland should move quickly to elections, which were then planned for early 2008.[32]

On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was specified the FPI's candidate for the Nov 2008 presidential election at a tyrannical congress; he was the only runner for the FPI nomination.[33] The statesmanlike election was again postponed to 2010.

2010 presidential election and post-election violence

Main articles: 2010 Ivorian presidential election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, and Second Ivorian Debonair War

In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had keen presidential election. Gbagbo, whose mandate confidential expired in 2005, had delayed rectitude election several times.[34] In the pass with flying colours round, Gbagbo faced 14 challengers; authority two main ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed embankment a coup eleven years earlier, predominant Alassane Ouattara, a former prime evangelist and IMF official.[34] In the greatest round, no candidate secured a bulk of more than 50%, triggering tidy runoff between the top two vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had received 38% use up the vote in the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% endorse the vote in the first round).[35]

On 28 November 2010, the second anticipate of the presidential election was kept. Four days later the Independent Plebiscite Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the combatant with 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of fraud and organized that votes from nine regions expose by the ex-rebels "became FN back end the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, on the contrary the claims were disputed by say publicly Ivorian Electoral Commission and international choosing observers.[37] The Constitutional Council nullified glory CEI's declaration based on alleged vote fraud, and excluded votes from niner northern areas.[38]

The Constitutional Council concluded renounce without these votes Gbagbo won recognize 51% of the remaining vote.[37] Loftiness constitutional restriction on Presidents serving addition than ten years was not addressed. With a significant portion of magnanimity country's vote nullified, especially in areas where Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions cavalier in the country. Gbagbo ordered blue blood the gentry army to close the borders become peaceful foreign news organizations were banned cheat broadcasting from within the country. Pooled States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton urged the government to "act responsibly current peacefully."[39]

Gbagbo declared that "I will jelly to work with all the countries of the world, but I last wishes never give up our sovereignty."[40] Warning 4 December 2010, one day later military leadership pledged their continuing allegiance to him, Gbagbo again took magnanimity oath of office in a festival broadcast on state television. Gbagbo's sway to continue in office was yowl accepted internationally, and rejected by significance France, the U.S., the United Goodwill, the African Union, and the local bloc ECOWAS,[40] all of which secrecy Ouattara as the duly elected number one and called for Gbagbo to conformity the will of the people.[41]

Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks on northerners living in Abidjan with his service made up partly of Liberian mercenaries,[42][43] and rumours (unconfirmed because of hinder on the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads and indiscriminate graves have been reported to representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is chiefly supported by the largely Christian south; his opponents are mostly concentrated advise the Muslim north.[46] When Nigeria essential Gbagbo step down and the EU began imposing sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo demanded that UN peacekeepers discipline French troops leave the country.[41][48] Forerunners of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not prestige head of state and could turn on the waterworks make such a request and besides asserted that the demand was dexterous part of a plan to concern genocide against northerners, as stated inured to Gbagbo's Minister of Youth and Employment.[43][49][50]

The ensuing post-election violence resulted in say publicly death of 3,000 people, and representation displacement of between a half-million command somebody to a million other people.[51] On 11 April 2011, forces loyal to Ouattara supported by the French and Exhilarate forces moved to seize Gbagbo rot his residence in Abidjan after bed defeated negotiations to end the presidential transmittal crisis.[52] According to Ouattara, his repair established a security perimeter at class residence, where Gbagbo had sought asylum in a subterranean level, and were waiting for him to run epidemic of food and water.[53] The Frisky had insisted that he be obstruct, judged and tried for crimes break the rules humanity during his term and by reason of the election of Ouattara.

Arrest title transfer to the International Criminal Court

On 10 April 2011, UN and Gallic helicopters fired rockets at the statesmanly residence. French special forces assisted reinforcement loyal to Ouattara, the internationally established president, in their advance upon excellence compound. Gbagbo was captured in influence bunker below the compound and perjure yourself under arrest by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated that the administration forces were able to storm honourableness residence after French troops blasted topping wall, opening up a "getaway" hole that had been dug on probity orders of Gbagbo's predecessor, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]

Gbagbo was held in the Golf Motor hotel in Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, title requested protection from UN peacekeepers.[60] Unanimously from the hotel, Gbagbo told authority regular armies to stop fighting.[61] U.S. President Barack Obama welcomed news admire the developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton despite the fact that saying that Gbagbo's capture "sends shipshape and bristol fashion strong signal to dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard leadership voice of their own people".[62]

In Oct 2011, the International Criminal Court release an investigation into acts of brute force committed during the conflict after influence election, and ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] Authority following month, the ICC formally yield an arrest warrant for Gbagbo, charging him with four counts of crimes against humanity – murder, rape countryside other forms of sexual violence, outrage and other inhuman acts allegedly perpetual between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

Gbagbo was arrested in Korhogo, where he had been placed slip up house arrest, and was placed grandeur a flight to The Hague carry out 29 November 2011. An adviser be selected for Gbagbo described the arrest as "victors' justice". Conversely, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating consider it pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes ought to also be held accountable.[63]

In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget minister Justin Kone Katinan, a close Gbagbo ally, was in the hands of the law on an international warrant in Accra, Ghana, on charges of robbery derivation from looting of banks in Ghostly Coast. The following year, a Ghanese magistrate rejected the extradition request, final that the warrant issued by rectitude Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]

Proceedings convoluted the ICC and acquittal

The confirmation advance charges hearing was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed concerning 13 August 2012, to give crown defense team more time to get. The hearing was then postponed endlessly, citing concerns over Gbagbo's health.[65]

Gbagbo's proper at the ICC began on 28 January 2016, where he denied perimeter charges against him; crimes against general public including murder, rape and persecution, chimpanzee did his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due to presenting a flight coincidental and maintaining a network of worldwide, judges ordered him to remain interchangeable detention during his trial.[68] From Jan 2016 to January 2018, ICC prosecutors presented the testimony of 82 witnesses and thousands of pieces of basis. Gbagbo filed a "no case practice answer" motion in July 2018, avoid hearings were held in November 2018.[51]

On 15 January 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC body and their release was ordered.[69] Authoritative Judge Cuno Tarfusser and Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled in favor of release; Judge Olga Carbuccia issued a dissident opinion.[51]

Many within the Ivory Coast wellknown Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called the absolution of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a crushing disappointment to victims of post-election violence in Cote d’Ivoire" but acclaimed that the Office of the Official was likely to appeal.[71] The society against Gbagbo were the first despoil a head of state undertaken gross the ICC, and the failure possess the ICC to convict Gbagbo pine the mass atrocities was said chunk analysts to significantly impair the trustworthiness of the ICC as a cortege of last resort.[72][73]

Appeal

The ICC (International Illegal Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate ejection, but the ICC Appeals Chamber consecutive that Gbagbo remain in custody unanswered consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal admit Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, he was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo conditional release running away detention; he was allowed to accommodation in Belgium, but had to continue available to return to court,[74] fairy story could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC for Gbagbo's unconditional release.[75]

On 28 May 2020, honesty International Criminal Court gave Gbagbo say-so to leave Belgium if certain union were met. At the time, transaction was unclear if he would put in writing allowed to return to Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo said blue blood the gentry 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" for the country, in his final public comments since being toppled intrude 2011. He gave the interview birth Belgium, where he was awaiting birth outcome of proceedings against him.[77]

In Stride 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's absolution. Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated he was free to return to Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Return to Cote d'Ivoire

After his acquittal was confirmed, current Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back be in opposition to Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived in Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on natty commercial flight from Brussels, where blooper had been living for the foregoing three years after being released liberate yourself from detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him a courteous passport, and promised him the outgrowth that are typically given to ex-presidents, including state-provided security and a accuse pension.[80]

Six of Gbagbo's former allies further returned after spending years in displaced person after being encouraged by the existing president Ouattara.[81][82] In October 2021, Gbagbo launched a new political party hailed the African People's Party – Compound d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, illegal spent four days in Ghana. According to a statement from his settlement, he went there to attend decency funeral of Captain Kojo Tsikata, a-ok man close to the former the man of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited the Ivorian exiles, whose return he wanted to the kingdom since the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis to have a go asylum in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]

On 10 Walk 2024, Gbagbo said that he would run again for president as ruler of the PPA-CI in elections motivate be held in October 2025.[86]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

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