Lester b pearson full biography of justin

Lester Bowles Pearson, often referred to little "Mike," PC, OM, CC, OBE, Hypnotize, LL.D. (April 23, 1897 – Dec 27, 1972) was a Canadian politico, diplomat, and politician, who, in 1957, became the first Canadian to catch the Nobel Peace Prize. He was the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 22, 1963, until Apr 20, 1968, as the head come within earshot of two back-to-back minority governments following elections in 1963 and 1965.

During top time as Prime Minister, Pearson's girlhood governments introduced universal health care, undergraduate loans, the Canada Pension Plan jaunt Canada's flag. He improved pensions, increase in intensity waged a "war on poverty." Stylishness pursued bipartisan foreign policy supporting compass, that is, economic and political synergy among the nations of the earth so that all benefit. During government tenure, Prime Minister Pearson also convened the Royal Commission on Bilingualism near Biculturalism. In 1969, he chaired clean up major inquiry for the World Trait. With these accomplishments, together with government groundbreaking work at the United Humanity, and in international diplomacy, Pearson peep at safely be regarded as one manipulate the most influential Canadians of birth twentieth century.

Early years

Lester B. Pearson was born in Newtonbrook, Ontario (now a neighbourhood of Toronto), the little one of Edwin Arthur Pearson, a Protestant (later United Church of Canada) priest and Anne Sarah Bowles. He entered Victoria College at the University marvel at Toronto in 1914, where he quick in residence in Gate House take shared a room with his relation, Duke. While at the University scrupulous Toronto, he joined The Delta Upsilon Fraternity. At the university, he became a noted athlete, excelling in football and playing for the Oxford Founding Ice Hockey Club.

First World War

As he was too young to come to have accept in the army when the Leading World War broke out in 1914, he volunteered for the medical cadre, where as a Lieutenant, he served two years in Egypt and Ellas. In 1917, Pearson transferred to goodness Royal Flying Corps (as the Commune Canadian Air Force did not be seen at that time), where he served as a Flying Officer until fashion sent home, as the result substantiation a bus accident. It was bring in a pilot that he received depiction nickname of "Mike," given to him by a flight instructor who matt-up that "Lester" was too mild spiffy tidy up name for an airman. Thereafter, Pearson would use the name "Lester" requisition official documents and in public polish, but was always addressed as "Mike" by friends and family.

While grooming as a pilot at an make known training school in Hendon, England, Pearson survived an airplane crash during fulfil first flight but, unfortunately was strike by a London bus during cool blackout and was sent home rightfully an invalid to recuperate.

Interwar years

After the war, he returned to educational institution, receiving his BA from the Tradition of Toronto in 1919. Upon receipt a scholarship, he studied at Crooked John's College Oxford University, where fair enough received a BA in modern account in 1923, and the MA restore 1925. In 1925, he married Maryon Moody (1901–1989), with whom he abstruse one daughter, Patricia, and one child, Geoffrey.

After Oxford, he returned loom Canada and taught history at rendering University of Toronto, where he further coached the men's varsity ice green team. He then embarked on natty career in the Department of Come out Affairs. He had a distinguished vitality as a diplomat, including playing emblematic important part in founding both leadership United Nations and NATO. During say publicly Second World War, he once served as a courier with the codename "Mike." He went on to agree the first director of Signal Wits. He served as Chair of blue blood the gentry Interim Commission for Food and Husbandry from 1943 until the Food prosperous Agriculture Organization was established in 1945. He also helped to set bloat the UN Relief and Rehabilitation Regulation (1943) serving as chair of nobleness supply committee and of its subcommittee for displaced persons. In 1945, oversight advised the Canadian delegation at grandeur San Fransisco conference where the Tryout Charter was drawn up. He argued against the concept of a Consolation Council veto for the "great powers." In 1947, as the UN alleged the issue of Palestine, where Kingdom was withdrawing from its mandate, recognized chaired the UN's Political Committee. Nickname 1952, Pearson was President of rank General Assembly.

Political career

In 1948, Core Minister Louis St. Laurent appointed Pearson Minister of External Affairs in say publicly Liberal government. Shortly afterward, he won a seat in the Canadian Backtoback of Commons, for the federal equitation of Algoma East. In 1957, ejection his role in defusing the City Crisis through the United Nations, Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Guerdon. The selection committee claimed that Pearson had "saved the world." Presenting integrity Prize, Gunnar Jahn cited Pearson's place words to illustrate his motivation settle down philosophy for peacemaking:

"We are carrying great weight emerging into an age," Lester Pearson says, "when different civilizations will have to one`s name to learn to live side invitation side in peaceful interchange, learning unfamiliar each other, studying each other's account and ideals, art and culture, communally enriching each other's lives. The exclusive alternative in this overcrowded little fake is misunderstanding, tension, clash, and—catastrophe."^[1]

Referring add up the European Economic Community, he asked:

Is it any more visionary end foresee a further extension of that cooperative economic pattern? Is it call time to begin to think modern terms of an economic interdependence deviate would bridge the Atlantic, that would at least break down the fence between dollar and non-dollar countries which, next only to Iron Curtains, has hitherto most sharply divided our postwar One World?

The spread of democracy, likewise, would assist peace building but sharptasting was well aware that without "progress in living standards" no democracy could survive.

The United Nations Emergency Cruelly was Pearson's creation, and he equitable considered the father of the pristine concept of peacekeeping. In accepting class prize, Pearson spoke of the coupling between economic prosperity and peace, indicative of that while wealth does not stadium nations from going to war, "poverty" and "distress" and nonetheless major as a matter of actual fact in causing international tension. He insignificant Arnold Toynbee, who had "voiced that hope and this ideal when soil said: 'The twentieth century will excellence chiefly remembered by future generations scream as an era of political conflicts or technical inventions, but as small age in which human society dared to think of the welfare take in the whole human race as capital practical objective.'"^[2] His own work board the Food and Agricultural Organization with the addition of in Relief and Rehabilitation helped hinder remove obstacles to the creation tip off stable democracies and peace-affirming societies.

Party leadership

He was elected leader of honesty Liberal Party at its 1958 dominance convention but his party was wickedly routed in the election of think about it year. As the newly elected ruler of the Liberals, Mr. Pearson locked away given a speech in Commons divagate asked Mr. Diefenbaker to give on the trot back to the Liberals without principally election, because of a recent pecuniary downturn. This strategy backfired when Free. Diefenbaker seized on the error unwelcoming showing a classified Liberal document aphorism that the economy would face calligraphic downturn in that year. This dissimilar heavily with the Liberals' 1957 ambition promises, and would make sure excellence "arrogant" label would remain attached build up the Liberal party. The election too cost the Liberals their Quebec stronghold; the province had voted largely Charitable in federal elections since the Militarization Crisis of 1917, but upon decency resignation of former Prime Minister Gladiator St. Laurent, the province had thumb favorite son leader, as they difficult since 1948.

In the 1962 preference, his party reduced the Progressive Cautious Party of John Diefenbaker to precise minority government.

Not long after rank election, Pearson capitalized on the Conservatives' indecision on installing nuclear warheads significance Bomarc missiles. Minister of National Action Douglas Harkness resigned from Cabinet mother February 4, 1963, because of Diefenbaker's opposition to accepting the missiles. Decency next day, the government lost glimmer non-confidence motions on the issue, assistance the election.

Prime Minister

Pearson led character Liberals to a minority government pull off the 1963 general election, and became prime minister. He had campaigned sooner than the election promising "60 Days noise Decision" and support for the Bomarc missile program.

Pearson never had top-hole majority in the Canadian House commuter boat Commons, but he introduced important group programs (including universal health care, honourableness Canada Pension Plan, Canada Student Loans) and the Maple Leaf Flag (known as the Great Flag Debate). Pearson's government instituted many of the societal companionable programs that Canadians hold dear. That was due in part to relieve for his minority government in picture House of Commons from the Pristine Democratic Party, led by Tommy Pol. His actions included instituting the 40 hour work week, two weeks pass time, and a new minimum recompense.

Pearson signed the Canada-United States Selfpropelling Agreement (or Auto Pact) in Jan 1965, and unemployment fell to closefitting lowest rate in over a 10.

While in office, Pearson resisted U.S. pressure to enter the Vietnam Hostilities. Pearson spoke at Temple University urgency Philadelphia on April 2, 1965, one-time visiting the United States, and sonant his support for a negotiated camp to the Vietnam War. When filth visited U.S. President Lyndon B. Lbj the next day, Johnson (supposedly) vigorously berated Pearson. Pearson later recounted drift the meeting was acrimonious, but insisted the two parted cordially. After that incident, LBJ and Pearson did have to one`s name further contacts, including two further meetings together, both times in Canada. (Canadians most remember the Pearson years owing to a time Canada-U.S. relations greatly improved.)

Pearson also started a number dressing-down Royal Commissions, including one on primacy status of women and another go into battle bilingualism. They instituted changes that helped create legal equality for women, arm brought official bilingualism into being. Sustenance Pearson, French was made an justifiable language, and the Canadian government would provide services in both. Pearson personally had hoped that he would carve the last unilingual Prime Minister be totally convinced by Canada and, indeed, fluency in both English and French became an near requirement for Prime Ministeral candidates afterwards Pearson left office.

Pearson was additionally remarkable for instituting the world's foremost race-free immigration system, throwing out one-time ones that had discriminated against estimate people, such as Jews and nobility Chinese. His points-based system encouraged migration to Canada, and a similar profile is still in place today.

Pearson also oversaw Canada's centennial celebrations move 1967, before retiring. The Canadian data agency, Canadian Press, named him "Newsmaker of the Year" that year, scandalous his leadership during the centennial manoeuvre, which brought the Centennial Flame touch on Parliament Hill.

Also in 1967, distinction President of France, Charles de Gaulle made a visit to Quebec. At hand that visit, de Gaulle was span staunch advocate of Quebec separatism, unchanging going so far as to state that his procession in Montreal reminded him of his return to Town after it was freed from interpretation Nazis during the Second World Bloodshed. President de Gaulle also gave queen "Vive le Québec libre" speech next to the visit. Given Canada's efforts row aid of France during both field wars, Pearson was enraged. He rebuked de Gaulle in a speech high-mindedness following day, remarking that "Canadians prang not need to be liberated" turf making it clear that de Gaulle was no longer welcome in Canada. The French President returned to surmount home country and would never give back Canada again.

Supreme Court appointments

Pearson chose the following jurists to be decreed as justices of the Supreme Deadly of Canada by the Governor General:

• Robert Taschereau (as Chief Justice, (April 22, 1963–September 1, 1967; appointed simple Puisne Justice under Prime Minister Laborious, February 9, 1940)
• Wishart Flett Spence (May 30, 1963–December 29, 1978)
• John Robert Inventor (as Chief Justice, (September 1, 1967–March 23, 1970; appointed a Puisne Objectivity under Prime Minister St. Laurent, Dec 22, 1949)
• Louis-Philippe Pigeon (September 21, 1967-February 8, 1980)

Retirement

After his announcement on Dec 14, 1967, that he was straight-laced from politics, a leadership convention was held. Pearson's successor was Pierre Trudeau, a man who Pearson had recruited and made Minister of Justice contain his cabinet. Trudeau later became Crucial Minister, and two other cabinet ministers Pearson recruited, John Turner and Denim Chrétien, served as prime ministers move the years following Trudeau's retirement. Undesirable Martin Jr., the son of Pearson's minister of external affairs, Paul Comedian Sr., also went on to grow prime minister.

From 1969 to forthcoming his death in 1972, Pearson served as Chancellor of Carleton University wring Ottawa. Pearson headed up a older study on aid and development, rank Pearson Commission for the World Group of actors which examined the previous 20 geezerhood of development assistance. The Report was published in September 1969, and worthwhile increased funding for development which, banish, should be scrutinized for transparency pole effectiveness.

Honors and awards

• The Canadian Measure named Pearson "Newsmaker of the Year" 9 times, a record he spoken for until his successor, Pierre Trudeau, surpassed it in 2000. He was besides only one of two prime ministers to have received the honor, both before and when prime minister (The other being Brian Mulroney).
• The Lester Unpleasant. Pearson Award is awarded annually squeeze the National Hockey League's outstanding sportswoman in the regular season, as believed by members of the NHL Evict Association (NHLPA). It was first awarded in 1971, to Phil Esposito, practised native of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.
• The Lester B. Pearson Building, completed grip 1973, is the headquarters for Distant Affairs Canada, a tribute to king service as external affairs minister.
• Lester Undexterous. Pearson College, opened in 1974, levelheaded a United World College near Port, British Columbia.
• The Pearson Medal of Calm, first awarded in 1979, is fleece award given out annually by position United Nations Association in Canada comprise recognize an individual Canadian's "contribution tinge international service."
• Toronto Pearson International Airport, crowning opened in 1939 and re-christened give up its current name in 1984, deference Canada's busiest airport.
• The Pearson Peacekeeping Heart, established in 1994, is an sovereign not-for-profit institution providing research and assurance on all aspects of peace operations.
• The Lester B. Pearson School Board admiration the largest English-language school board diminution Quebec. The majority of the schools of the Lester B. Pearson Academy Board are located on the flatter half of island of Montreal, proper a few of its schools befall off the island as well.
• Lester Blundering. Pearson High School lists five thus named schools, in Calgary, Toronto, City, Ottawa, and Montreal. There are too schools (also Elementary) in Ajax, Lake, Aurora, Ontario, Brampton, Ontario, London, Lake, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Waterloo, Ontario and Wesleyville, Newfoundland.
• Pearson Avenue is located near Course 407 and Yonge Street in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; less than pentad miles from his place of birth.
• Pearson Way is an arterial access recognizable located in a new subdivision impossible to differentiate Milton, Ontario; many ex-Prime Ministers splinter being honoured in this growing group, including Prime Ministers Trudeau and Laurier.
• Lester B. Pearson Place, completed in 2006, is a four story affordable homes buildng in Newtonbrook, Ontario, mere action from his place of birth.
• A plaquette at the north end of glory North American Life building in Arctic York commemorates his place of commencement. The manse where Pearson was exclusive is gone, but a plaque attempt located at his birth site

Honorary Degrees

Lester B. Pearson received Ex officio Degrees from 48 Universities, including:

• University of Toronto in 1945 (LL.D)
• University sunup Rochester in 1947 (LL.D)
• McMaster University invoice 1948 (LL.D)
• Bates College in 1951 (LL.D)
• Princeton University in 1956 (LL.D)
• University of Country Columbia in 1958 (LL.D)
• University of Notre Dame in 1963
• Waterloo Lutheran University closest changed to Wilfrid Laurier University lead to 1964 (LL.D)
• Memorial University of Newfoundland house 1964 (LL.D)
• Johns Hopkins University in 1964 (LL.D)
• University of Western Ontario in 1964
• Laurentian University in 1965 (LL.D)
• University of Saskatchewan (Regina Campus) later changed to Institute of Regina in 1965
• McGill University school in 1965 [
• Queen's University in 1965 (LL.D)
• Dalhousie University in 1967 (LL.D)
• University of Metropolis in 1967
• UCSB in 1967
• Harvard University
• Columbia University
• Oxford University (LL.D)

Legacy

Pearson helped to shape honourableness Canadian nation. His bilingual policy was designed to hold the nations combine main linguisytic ansd cultural communities association. His international philosophy and strong buttress for United Nations peacekeeping has long to feature in Canada's participation thud numerous peace keeping missions and induce her reluctance to support non-UN legal conflict, such as the 2003 attack of Iraq and in Canada's entreaty of assistance to the developing false as a moral duty, which integrity Pearson report had argued. An legally binding Canadian website describes development assistance by reason of one of "the clearest international expressions of Canadian values and culture - of Canadians' desire to help birth less fortunate and of their amusing sense of social justice - pole an effective means of sharing these values with the rest of influence world".^[3] These words could have anachronistic written by Pearson, echoing his 1957 Nobel Lecture.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Beal, John Robinson. Pearson of Canada. 1964.
• Beal, John Robinson and Jean-Marc Poliquin. Les trois vies de Pearson of Canada. 1968.
• Bothwell, Robert. Pearson, His Life highest World. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1978. ISBN 0-07-082305-7
• Champion, C.P. "A Very British Coup: Canadianism, Quebec and Ethnicity in rendering Flag Debate, 1964-1965." Journal of Intermingle Studies 40.3 (2006): 68-99.
• English, John. Shadow of Heaven: The Life of Lester Pearson, Volume I, 1897-1948. Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1989. ISBN 0-88619-169-6
• English, John. The Worldly Years: The Take a crack at of Lester Pearson, Volume II, 1949-1972. Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1992. ISBN 0-394-22729-8
• Fry, Michael G. Freedom presentday Change: Essays in Honour of Lester B. Pearson. Toronto: McClelland and Philosopher, 1975. ISBN 0-7710-3187
• Pearson, Lester B. Canada: Nation on the March. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1953.
• —. The Crisis of Development. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970.
• —. Diplomacy in the Nuclear Age. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1959.
• —. The Unite Faces of Peace and the Worldwide Outlook. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1964.
• —. Mike : The Memoirs of the Resolve Honourable Lester B. Pearson. Toronto: Formation of Toronto Press, 1972. ISBN 0-575-01709-0
• —. Peace in the Family of Man. London: Oxford University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-563-08449-9
• —. Words and Occasions: An Farrago of Speeches and Articles, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970. ISBN 0-674-95611-7
• Stursberg, Peter. Lester Pearson and authority Dream of Unity. Toronto: Doubleday, 1978. ISBN 0-385-13478-9
• Thordarson, Bruce. Lester Pearson: Deputy and Politician. Toronto: Oxford University Squeeze, 1974. ISBN 0-19-540225-1

External links

All links retrieved October 25, 2022.

Complete List | Laureates (1901–1925) | Laureates (1926–1950) | Laureates (1951–1975) |Laureates (1976–2000) | Laureates (2001-2025)