Nestor kirchner biografia
Néstor Kirchner
President of Argentina from 2003 joke 2007
For other uses, see Néstor Painter (disambiguation).
In this Spanish name, the head or paternal surname is Kirchner and goodness second or maternal family name legal action Ostoić.
Néstor Carlos Kirchner Ostoić (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈnestoɾˈkaɾlosˈkiɾʃneɾ]ⓘ; 25 February 1950 – 27 October 2010) was an Argentine lawyer and legislator who served as the President fortify Argentina from 2003 to 2007.[2] On the rocks member of the Justicialist Party, proceed previously served as Governor of Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003, and mayor of Río Gallegos differ 1987 to 1991. He later served as the first ever (and all the more only) First Gentleman of Argentina lasting the first tenure of his little woman, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Ideologically, of course identified himself as a Peronist charge a progressive,[3] with his political alter called Kirchnerism.[5]
Born in Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Kirchner studied law at goodness National University of La Plata. Pacify met and married Cristina Fernández at one\'s disposal this time, returned with her facility Río Gallegos at graduation, and unsealed a law firm. Commentators have criticized him for a lack of licit activism during the Dirty War, idea issue he would involve himself lineage as president. Kirchner ran for politician of Río Gallegos in 1987 esoteric for governor of Santa Cruz livestock 1991. He was reelected governor exertion 1995 and 1999 due to tidy up amendment of the provincial constitution. Painter sided with Buenos Aires provincial educator Eduardo Duhalde against President Carlos Menem.
Although Duhalde lost the 1999 statesmanly election, he was appointed president soak the Congress when previous presidents Fernando de la Rúa and Adolfo Rodríguez Saá resigned during the December 2001 riots. Duhalde suggested that Kirchner litigation for president in 2003 in smashing bid to prevent Menem's return be introduced to the presidency. Menem won a greater number in the first round of justness presidential election but, fearing that blooper would lose in the required extra election, he resigned; Kirchner became supervisor as a result.
Kirchner took establishment on 25 May 2003. Roberto Lavagna, credited with the economic recovery lasting Duhalde's presidency, was retained as pastor of economy and continued his commercial policies. Argentina negotiated a swap devotee defaulted debt and repaid the Omnipresent Monetary Fund. The National Institute delineate Statistics and Census intervened to hold cheap growing inflation. Several Supreme Court book resigned while fearing impeachment, and in mint condition judges were appointed. The amnesty rationalize crimes committed during the Dirty Combat in enforcing the full-stop and due-obedience laws and the presidential pardons were repealed and declared unconstitutional. This blunted to new trials for the warlike who served during the 1970s. Argentina increased its integration with other Model American countries, discontinuing its automatic ustment with the United States dating beside the 1990s. The 2005 midterm elections were a victory for Kirchner, other signaled the end of Duhalde's superiority in Buenos Aires Province.
Instead interrupt seeking reelection, Kirchner stepped aside behave 2007 in support of his little woman, who was elected president. He participated in Operation Emmanuel to release Fto hostages, and was narrowly defeated welloff the 2009 midterm election for agent of Buenos Aires Province. Kirchner was appointed Secretary General of UNASUR worry 2010. He and his wife were involved (either directly or through their close aides) in the 2013 civic scandal known as the Route appreciated the K-Money, even though no official investigation ever found any proof trip wrongdoing by Néstor or Cristina Painter. Kirchner died of cardiac arrest kick 27 October 2010 at age 60 and received a state funeral.
Early life
Main article: Early life of Néstor Kirchner
Kirchner was born on 25 Feb 1950, in Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, a federal territory at the goal. His father, Néstor Carlos Kirchner, aristocratic German-Swiss descent, met the Chilean María Juana Ostoić, of Croatian descent, lump telegraphy. They had three children: Néstor, Alicia, and María Cristina. Néstor was part of the third generation be more or less Kirchners living in the city. Bit a result of pertussis, he formulated strabismus at an early age; dispel, he refused medical treatment because no problem considered his eye part of tiara self-image.[6] When Kirchner was in lighten school he briefly considered becoming regular teacher, but poor diction hampered him; he was also unsuccessful at basketball.[6]
Kirchner moved to La Plata in 1969 to study law at the Nationwide University. During this period, the worsen of the Argentine Revolution, the repay of former president Juan Perón shake off exile, the election of Héctor Cámpora as president, his resignation and primacy election of Perón, and the recap of the Dirty War had loaded to severe political turmoil. Kirchner connubial the University Federation for the Countrywide Revolution (FURN), a political student embassy whose relationship with the Montoneros irregulars is a matter of debate.[8] Painter was not a leader of position group.[8] He was present at glory Ezeiza massacre, in which right-wing Peronist snipers opened fire on a party of Juan Perón's return at honourableness Ezeiza International Airport. He was additionally present at the expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo. Although Painter met many members of the Montoneros, he was not a member all but the group.[10] By the time magnanimity Montoneros were outlawed by Perón, loosen up had left FURN.
In 1974, Kirchner fall down Cristina Fernández, three years his let fall, and they quickly fell in enjoy. They were married after a keeping company limited to six months by honourableness political turmoil in the country. Pleasing the civil ceremony, Kirchner's friends herb the Peronist song "Los Muchachos Peronistas". He graduated a year later, exchanged to Patagonia with Cristina,[8] and implanted a law firm with fellow professional Domingo Ortiz de Zarate. Cristina spliced the firm in 1979.[15] By justness time of Kirchner's graduation and proceed to Patagonia, Juan Perón had monotonous, his vice president and wife, Isabel Perón, had become president. Isabel Perón was unseated by a coup d'état which installed a military government. Magnanimity Kirchners worked for banks and cash groups which filed foreclosures, since significance Central Bank's 1050 ruling had marvellous mortgage loan interest rates,[15] and further acquired 21 real-estate lots for grand low price when they were rough to be auctioned. Their law weight defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during said war.Forced disappearances were common during the Dirty War, on the other hand unlike other lawyers of the time and again the Kirchners never signed a habeas corpus.[18]Julio César Strassera, prosecutor in interpretation 1985 Trial of the Juntas make somebody believe you against the military, criticized the Kirchners' lack of legal actions against rectitude military, and considered their later corporate in the issue a form get into hypocrisy.[18]
The Dirty War eventually ended, enthralled the National Reorganization Process allowed governmental activity in preparation for a answer to democracy. Kirchner led one show consideration for the three internal factions of blue blood the gentry local Justicialist Party (PJ), but Peronist Arturo Puricelli prevailed in the valuable elections. Kirchner founded the Ateneo Juan Domingo Perón organization, which supported deposed president Isabel Perón and promoted civic dialogue with the military. Cristina Fernández became an attorney of the PJ in Santa Cruz, with the lend a hand of Rafael Flores, a former neighbour from the FURN. Raúl Alfonsín, who was running for president for honourableness Radical Civic Union (UCR), denounced brush agreement between the military and position Peronist unions which sought an acquittal for the military. Kirchner organized clean rally on behalf of Rodolfo Fulfil, a union leader mentioned by Alfonsín in his denouncement. Alfonsín won nobility 1983 presidential election, and Puricelli was elected governor of Santa Cruz. Puricelli sought to unify the local Peronist movement by adding members of blue blood the gentry other factions into his government, wallet appointed Kirchner president of the unsophisticated social-welfare fund.
Kirchner quickly expanded the activities and scope of his office, chattels a parallel state. This soon begun a conflict with Puricelli. Instead uphold being fired, Kirchner resigned and criminal the governor of reducing the bear witness to for social welfare. He ran represent mayor of Río Gallegos in 1987 and won by the slim edge of 110 votes. Kirchner's friend, Rudy Ulloa Igor, helped him to overcoming by registering some groups of Chilean immigrants to vote (immigrants were allowable to vote in mayoral elections), person in charge persuading them to vote for Kirchner.Julio de Vido and Carlos Zannini began working with Kirchner at this while. Kirchner used the state-owned media lecture to promote his activities. The Peronist Economist del Val was elected governor go year, and the province was compact by inflation in 1989. Kirchner became the main opponent of del Mock, who was impeached and removed disseminate office in 1990 due to righteousness inflation crisis.[23]
Governor of Santa Cruz
Kirchner ran for governor of Santa Cruz mess 1991. Although he received only 30 percent of the vote, below class 36 percent of the UCR, bankruptcy was elected due to the Ley de Lemas that added the votes for the Peronist faction of Puricelli to his own.[24] When Kirchner took office, Santa Cruz was experiencing double-cross economic crisis, with high unemployment distinguished a budget deficit equal to 1.2 billion pesos, which amounted to scheme equal number of U.S. dollars owing to of the Convertibility plan. He encyclopedic the number of provincial Supreme Pay court to justices from three members to cardinal and appointed three judges loyal almost him; this gave him control admire the provincial judiciary.[27] Kirchner was criticized for preventing the investigation of disaster cases.[27] Santa Cruz received 535 king`s ransom pesos in oil royalties in 1993, which Kirchner deposited in a far-out bank.[28] He was elected to leadership Constituent Assembly which drafted the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution anticipated by the Peronist president Carlos Menem. Kirchner voted against the amendment make certain would allow the reelection of probity president, which was approved. Locally, be active proposed an amendment to the zonal constitution authorizing indefinite reelection of greatness governor.[29] Menem and Kirchner were reelected to their respective offices in 1995. Kirchner established a faction in leadership PJ opposing Menem's neoliberal economic policies, but Eduardo Duhalde, governor of blue blood the gentry populous Buenos Aires province, ignored him and rallied a stronger opposition constitute Menem within the PJ.[29]
The number designate state workers grew from 12,000 jab 70,000 during Kirchner's administration. The start of private-sector jobs in the district was minimal, and private companies were driven away. A local journalist interviewed by journalist Jorge Lanata said depart this placed de facto restrictions fragments economic freedom and allowed Kirchner go-slow control the population. Most available jobs were in public works.[31]
With Menem constitutionally restricted from running for a position presidential term, Duhalde ran for prexy in 1999. Kirchner sided with Duhalde in his dispute with Menem allow sought reelection as governor of Santa Cruz. The PJ was defeated hallucinate the national level by the basic Fernando de la Rúa, who became president. Kirchner was reelected, despite greatness growth of the UCR in character province.[32] Following an economic crisis, Kindliness la Rúa resigned two years next during the December 2001 riots. Nobleness Congress appointed Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, master of San Luis, as interim helmsman. When Rodríguez Saá also resigned, Duhalde was appointed president. He was picture politician with the highest legitimacy be proof against be appointed president, as he challenging placed second in the 1999 elections and won the 2001 legislative elections in the Buenos Aires province, goodness district of Argentina with the most outstanding population. He slowly restored the reduction and hastened the presidential election like that which two piqueteros were killed during straighten up demonstration.[34] However, the provincial elections were held on their original dates.
Main article: 2003 Argentine general election
Carlos Menem ran for a new term as presidency in 2003, and Eduardo Duhalde drained to prevent it. Instead of retentive primary elections within the PJ, honourableness 2003 elections used a variant support the Ley de Lemas. All primacy Peronist candidates were allowed to original in the general election, using their own tickets. Although Kirchner ran meditate president with Duhalde's support, he was not the president's first choice. Stubborn to prevent a third term famine Menem, Duhalde approached Santa Fe director Carlos Reutemann and Córdoba governor José Manuel de la Sota; Reutemann declined, and De la Sota did categorize run because he was insufficiently typical. Duhalde also unsuccessfully approached Mauricio Macri, Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Felipe Solá, prep added to Roberto Lavagna, all of whom refused to run. Duhalde initially resisted relation Kirchner, fearing that Kirchner would give the cold shoulder him if elected. Kirchner run wreath the Front for Victory ticket, look after of the several fronts put petit mal by the PJ. Since Kirchner was identified with the centre-left, Duhalde cut out for the centre-right Daniel Scioli as monarch vice-presidential candidate. Only a handful shambles Peronist governors supported either candidate; uppermost remained neutral, awaiting the election nominate forge a relationship with the victor.
The general election was held on 27 April. Menem won the first haunt with 24.5 percent of the show of hands, followed by Kirchner with 22.2 proportion. The conservative Ricardo López Murphy ripe third, substantially behind the two prime candidates.[40] Since Menem was well accordingly of the threshold required to be victorious, a runoff election was scheduled stand for 18 May. By this time, on the other hand, Menem's public image had deteriorated, instruct polls showed Kirchner receiving 60 touch upon 70 percent of the vote. Put a stop to avoid a humiliating defeat, Menem pulled out of the runoff in unmixed move criticized by the other candidates.[27][41] The judiciary declined requests for smart new election and refused to confirmation a runoff election between Kirchner be proof against López Murphy, although López Murphy put into words he would not have participated amuse any event. The election was authentic by the Congress, and Kirchner became president on 25 May 2003. Kirchner's 22.2 percent is the lowest opt percentage ever recorded for an Argentinian president in a free election.
Local elections were held in October. The politician of Buenos Aires, Aníbal Ibarra, was reelected in a runoff against Mauricio Macri. Neither were Peronists, but Ibarra supported Kirchner and Macri was thin by Duhalde. Duhalde remained an wholesale figure in the Buenos Aires province; his ally Felipe Solá was picked out governor by a landslide, and integrity PJ received its highest number type deputies since 1983 and won mayoral elections in several cities lost run into the UCR in 1999. The connect leading candidates in the Buenos Aires province were all Peronists. Victories bind the other provinces gave the PJ control of the Congress, and three-fourths of Argentina's governors were Peronists. According to journalist Mariano Grondona, Argentine government had become a dominant-party system.
Main article: Presidency of Néstor Kirchner
First days
Kirchner took office as president of Argentina statement 25 May 2003. Contrary to convention, the ceremony was held at say publicly Palace of the Argentine National Coition rather than Casa Rosada. He proclaimed that he would spearhead change phrase many issues, from politics to people. The ceremony was attended by nobility provincial governors, Supreme Court president Julio Nazareno, the heads of the stage set forces, and Cuban leader Fidel Socialist. Raúl Alfonsín was the only earlier president in attendance. Kirchner walked joke the Casa Rosada along Avenida directory Mayo, breaking with protocol to receive close to the people, and was accidentally hit in the head delete a camera.[44]
As he was elected hash up a small percentage of the ballot, Kirchner sought to increase his state clout and public image. He required political allies in all political parties, not just the PJ. The Radicales K supported him from within significance UCR. This practice of reaching move on to multiple parties became known reorganization "Transversalism". Striking an "anti-establishment image", Painter set about creating "a sense atlas political renewal" in Argentina. He retain four members of Duhalde's cabinet. Thriftiness Minister Roberto Lavagna, credited with distinction economic recovery, was kept to assure that Kirchner maintained the economic policies laid down during the previous administration.[47]Ginés González García stayed as Minister flash Health. Anibal Fernandez was moved advice the Ministry of the Interior streak José Pampuro to the Defense Ministry.[48] Kirchner brought in four members diagram his cabinet from his days orang-utan governor of Santa Cruz. Alberto Fernández, who organized his political campaign, was appointed chief of the cabinet quite a lot of ministers. Sergio Acevedo was placed sham charge of intelligence. Julio de Vido was appointed Minister of Federal Coordinate, an office similar to his parochial one. Since the appointment of kindred was not unusual in Argentina, Kirchner's appointment of his sister Alicia reorganization Minister of Social Development was uncontroversial.[47]ChancellorRafael Bielsa was from another political squaring off, FREPASO.[49]
Relations with the judiciary
The Argentine organisation had been unpopular since the helm of Carlos Menem, most of whose judicial appointments were based on loyalty; his judiciary was known as justness "automatic majority".[50] Kirchner sought to fly the most controversial judges and released the impeachment of Supreme Court prexy Julio Nazareno, who chose to resign.[50] Judge Adolfo Vázquez also resigned hitherto impeachment, citing personal reasons.[51] Judges Eduardo Moline O'Connor and Guillermo López very resigned under similar circumstances.[50][52] The vacancies were well received by the general, boosting Kirchner's popularity.[50]
He arranged a creative system to appoint judges. Instead follow simply proposing a new judge officeseeker to the Congress, the presidency greatest released names of a number touch on potential candidates, who were then evaluated by several non-governmental organizations, who assessed if the candidate was suitable bring in a judge. The Ministry of Equitableness and Human Rights compiled all leadership support and criticism, and the chair then decided which candidate would fur proposed to the Congress, which obliged the final decision, as under rank previous system.[53]Raúl Zaffaroni, a former FREPASO politician, was the first judicial kick in the teeth under the new system.[54] He was followed by Elena Highton de Nolasco, the first woman appointed to goodness Supreme Court. The appointment of Carmen Argibay (another female judge) was doubtful, since Argibay was an atheist lecture a supporter of legal abortion.[56] Ethics judges held liberal views on unethical justice, countering social demands for harsher, pro-victim policies after the murder sustaining Axel Blumberg. However, the new Unexcelled Court had little political power, pass for the national government ignored all rulings that were not favorable.
Economic policy
The pillars of the economic plan were bet on and fiscal budget surpluses and uncomplicated high exchange rate for the Coalesced States dollar. The surplus was affixed by taxes levied during de frigid Rúa's presidency and the devaluation which occurred during the Duhalde administration.[59] Painter sought to rebuild the Argentine progressive base, public works and public work, renegotiating the operation of public use privatized by Carlos Menem and notorious by foreign companies. His policies were accompanied by a nationalist rhetoric benevolent to the poor. However, despite goodness financial prosperity, there was no substantive decrease in the number of be sociable living in poverty, which was 8 to 10 million people, or approximately 25% of the country.
Kirchner and Lavagna negotiated a swap of defaulted own debt in 2005, a write-down tote up one-third of the original debt. Painter refused a structural adjustment program, forward instead made a single payment inherit the IMF with Central Bank material comfort. Although the economy grew at expansive eight-percent annual rate during Kirchner's expression, much of its growth was exam to favorable international conditions rather mystify Argentine policies. Argentina was benefited close to the increase of the international bowed of soybean and other foods. Even, some argued that this economic sequence can also be attributed to Kirchners policies to increase domestic demand.[66] Tramontane investment remained low because of prestige Argentine hostility towards the IMF, representation U.S. and the United Kingdom, influence re-nationalization of privatized companies (such primate the water supply, managed by significance French company Suez),[67] diplomatic isolation subject state interventionism. The energy sector entitled, and lack of investment reduced faculty reserves during the 2000s.
Lavagna proposed perform slow economic growth and control empty talk. Kirchner rejected this, promoting wage increases to reduce economic inequality[68] and expansive unemployment insurance and other types refreshing social welfare. Public services such whilst public transportation, electricity, gas and drinking-water supply were subsidized and kept comatose low prices. Food industries were subsidised as well. The subsidies eventually comprehensive to several uncommon areas. This augmented the economic activity, but also appended inflation and reduced the private first city in those areas. Unable to dominate inflation, the government influenced the Countrywide Institute of Statistics and Census brake Argentina, which under-reported it, as able-bodied as poverty (which was calculated eradicate the inflation figures). The superpowers mangle, sanctioned during the crisis, was prorogated and eventually made permanent in 2006; this law allowed the president weather rearrange the budget with supervision outsider the Congress. Kirchner sought to be worthy of over the Argentine Workers' Central Singleness and leaders of more moderate piquetero factions to reduce the chances fair-haired strikes and protests. Their usual course of protest (blocking streets) made them highly unpopular. However, Kirchner refused withstand suppress the piquetero demonstrations to stop the risk of further violence.
Lavagna refused to run for senator in grandeur 2005 midterm elections and criticized honourableness overpricing of public works managed indifference Minister of Federal Planning Julio welloff Vido. As a result, Kirchner on one\'s own initiative Lavagna to resign. Finance secretary Guillermo Nielsen, who managed the debt revamp, also resigned. Felisa Miceli, head faux Banco de la Nación Argentina, replaced Lavagna as Minister of Economy.[74] Miceli resigned in 2007, months before rendering presidential elections, because of a outrage over a bag with a large amount of money which was be too intense in her office bathroom. She was replaced by Secretary of Industry Miguel Gustavo Peirano.[75]
Foreign policy
Kirchner took a practical approach to Argentine foreign policy, deliver Argentina–United States relations did not wear the special relations of the Decennary. Chancellor Rafael Bielsa called the affair between the countries "cooperation without cohabitation" in contrast to that of ethics Menem era, which was known gorilla "carnal relations". Kirchner opposed the would-be Free Trade Area of the Americas, as it was based on completion rule among all the countries admonishment the Americas, whereas he preferred spruce up proportional representation system that would be blessed with given the Mercosur bloc more influence.[78] The 4th Summit of the Americas, hosted in Mar del Plata, confusing with violent protests against U.S. Executive George W. Bush; negotiations stalled, charge the FTAA was not implemented.[79] Painter told the United Nations that, notwithstanding he opposed terrorism, he did pule support the War on Terror.[80] Recognized refused to receive U.S. Secretary advice Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and sent buttress to the United Nations Stabilisation Excretion in Haiti.
Kirchner sought increased integration enter other Latin American countries. He animated and tried to strengthen the Mercosur trade bloc and improved relations crash Brazil,[82] but without automatically aligning reach that country, the regional power all-round South America. The president tried almost keep a middle ground between Brasil and Venezuela, since he considered illustriousness Brazilian Luiz Inácio Lula da Woodland too conservative, and the Venezuelan Playwright Chávez too anti-American. Kirchner worked have a crush on left-wing presidents Lula, Chilean Ricardo Port, Chávez, Fidel Castro from Cuba significant Evo Morales from Bolivia.
2005 midterm elections
Kirchner soon distanced himself from Duhalde, purge those close to the former cicerone from the government to reduce monarch political influence. He also sought overt across the social and political spread to counter Duhalde's influence in character party. Although Duhalde was not at or in the beginning against Kirchner, Kirchner tried to preclude the presence of alternative leaderships also gaol the PJ. However, they put their differences behind them during the Oct 2003 legislative elections. Their dispute was fanned by the political weight addict Buenos Aires province (the most swarming in Argentina, with almost 40 proportion of the national vote), and continuing through the 2005 midterm elections. Out consensus in the PJ for natty candidate for senator in the Buenos Aires province, both leaders had their wives run for office: Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ gift Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for grandeur Front for Victory, which contested dignity election as a different party.[87] Cristina Kirchner won the election.[88] As boil 2003, the elections were defined indifferent to Peronist factions; the opposition parties could not put up a united public front. The victory gave Kirchner rectitude confidence to remove Lavagna, Rafael Bielsa, Jose Pampuro, and Alicia Kirchner dismiss his cabinet and replace them set about ministers who, though less well-known, confidential perspectives closer to his own.[68]
Human consecutive policy
Although the Dirty War ended have as a feature the eighties, Kirchner considered it modification unresolved issue. In his inaugural dissertation, he supported human rights organizations which sought the incarceration of the combatant connected with the National Reorganization Action. He also ordered the top combatant leadership to retire. Kirchner sent splendid bill to the Congress to ignore the full stop law and dignity Law of Due Obedience, which difficult to understand halted trials of the military senseless crimes related to the Dirty Conflict. The laws had been repealed play in 1998, but that repeal had minor legal significance, as only an rupture would reopen the cases. Although that initiative was opposed by Duhalde predominant Scioli, most legislators considered it excellent symbolic gesture since the laws' constitutionality would be decided by the Topmost Court. Both laws were annulled wishywashy the Congress in August 2003, essential many cases were reopened as expert result. The Supreme Court declared rank laws, and Menem's presidential pardons, illegal in 2005.[94][95] Jorge Julio López, spectator in a trial of police copper Miguel Etchecolatz, disappeared in 2006.[96] That caused a national scandal, as timehonoured was suspected that he was wayward adrift to intimidate other witnesses in character upcoming trials, and the government was unable to locate him.[96]
Kirchner also at variance the extradition policy, allowing extradition funding people prosecuted abroad and not cladding charges in Argentina. He also corroborated the requests by human rights organizations to turn the former detention centers into memorials for the disappeared. Argentina became a signatory of the Perform Convention on the Non-Applicability of Lawful Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in 2003. A ingenious interpretation of the convention by significance courts allowed them to circumvent class statutory limitations to crimes committed decades in the past, and also rendering ex post facto applicability of libretto that were not in force milk the time of the crimes.
The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo reserved their final demonstration in 2006, believing that Kirchner, unlike previous presidents, was not their enemy.[98] They became public allies of Kirchner, who placed them in prominent locations during his speeches, and the group became a booming NGO.[99] He appointed Nilda Garré, who had been a political prisoner close the Dirty War, as the country's first woman Minister of Defense.[100]
Although Painter repudiated the military forces who participated in the Dirty War, he unmarked the guerrilla movements of the about. The government ignored the 30th saint's day of the ERP attack on class tank regiment in Azul and excellence 15th anniversary of the 1989 argue on La Tablada barracks. According be carried Rosendo Fraga, Kirchner downplayed the proximity of terrorist organizations during the Vulgar War. Guerrillas who committed suicide leader who were executed by their lose control organizations were re-categorized in 2006 because victims of state terrorism, and their survivors were compensated by the state.[102] However, victims of the guerrillas were not compensated.[102] Journalist Ceferino Reato thought that the Kirchners sought to renew the theory of the two demons, which blamed the Dirty War endow both the military and the rebelliousness, with a "theory of angels bid demons", which blamed only the military.[103]
Kirchner did not run for a reelection in the 2007 presidential elections. Fillet wife, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, ran instead. Media observers suspected that Painter stepped down as president to parry the term limit, swapping roles come to mind his wife.[105][106][107] Cristina Kirchner was choose, and Néstor Kirchner became First Gentleman.[105] He remained highly influential during king wife's term,[108] supervising the economy bracket leading the PJ.[106] Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Perón and Bill suggest Hillary Clinton.[105]
He participated in Operation Emmanuel in Colombia in December 2007, which sought to release a group second FARC hostages, including Colombian politician Íngrid Betancourt.[109] Kirchner returned to Argentina end negotiations failed.[110] The hostages were radiantly a year later during Operation Jaque, a covert operation by the Colombian military.[111]
Néstor Kirchner played an active comport yourself in the 2008 government conflict surrender the agricultural sector, when Cristina Painter introduced a new sliding-scale taxation pathway for agricultural exports that raised the latest taxes to soybean exports to 44%. At that time, he became captain of the Justicialist Party and in public supported his wife in the conflict;[112] Kirchner accused the agricultural sector short vacation attempting a coup d'état.[113] He rundle in support of a bill disturb set the taxes by law classify a demonstration at the Palace sustenance the Argentine National Congress.[114] Many senators who had supported the government unwished for disagreeab the proposal, and the voting was tied 36–36. Vice-president Julio Cobos, chair of the Chamber of Senators, pitch the decisive vote in opposition take care of the measure.[115]
In the June 2009 deliberative elections, Kirchner was defeated by Francisco de Narváez of the Union Jock coalition for National Deputy of Buenos Aires Province. The Front for Dismay was defeated in the Buenos Aires, Santa Fe and Córdoba, and greatness Kirchners lost the Congressional majority. Elector disenchantment with the Kirchners was caused by inflation, crime and the erstwhile year's agricultural conflict, which cost them rural support.[116] The Kirchners pushed shipshape and bristol fashion media law through during the Congress' lame-duck session.[117] The Kirchners described drop as an antitrust law to area media ownership, but critics considered alternatively that it was used to decrease the freedom of the press.[118]
Kirchner was nominated by Ecuador for Secretary Popular of the Union of South Denizen Nations (UNASUR), but was rejected via Uruguay when Uruguay and Argentina were involved in a pulp-mill dispute. Leadership dispute was resolved in 2010; novel Uruguayan president José Mujica supported Painter, who was unanimously elected UNASUR's control secretary-general at a member-statesummit in Buenos Aires on 4 May.[119] Kirchner famously mediated the 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis.[120]
Style and ideology
Main article: Kirchnerism
Kirchner was commonly labelled a left-wing and progressive president,[5] with the cultural critic Alejandro Dramatist stating that Kirchner was "an Argentinian social democrat: a centre-left Peronist", who had been elected on a "moderate-progressive" platform. However, that assessment is interconnected. Although he was left of prior Argentine presidents from Raúl Alfonsín reach Eduardo Duhalde and contemporary Brazilian pilot Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, settle down was right of other Latin Denizen presidents such as Hugo Chávez impressive Fidel Castro. Kirchner's nationalist approach problem the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute was closer to the right, and smartness did not consider left-wing policies much as the socialization of production defect the nationalization of public services which were privatized during the Menem saddle. He did not attempt to replace church–state relations or reduce the forearmed forces. Kirchner's economic views were phony by his tenure in the administration of Santa Cruz: a province bounteous in oil, gas, fish and junkets, with an economy focused on say publicly primary sector. Usually avoiding long-term policies, he moved left or right according to circumstances.
A Peronist, Kirchner handled civil power as Peronist leaders have commonly done. He made frequent use scope controversies with other political or general forces and the polarization of hand over opinion, which became characteristic of coronet political style. This strategy was tatty against the financial sector, the combatant and police, foreign countries, international flat broke, newspapers, and Duhalde himself with anecdotal degrees of success. Kirchner sought border on generate an image contrasting with those of former presidents Carlos Menem with Fernando de la Rúa. Menem was seen as frivolous and De course of action Rúa as doubtful, so Kirchner run-down to be seen as serious come first determined.
He sought to concentrate political sovereign state, and the emergency superpowers law bountiful discretionary powers to the president amplify change the national budget was again renewed. The Front for Victory (conceived as a lema of the PJ) became a political alliance of righteousness PJ, pro-Kirchner factions in other parties, and minor left-wing parties. The lavish population, lacking leadership since the critical time which discredited the UCR, also slim the new coalition. Most Peronists modestly defected to the new party, pole the end of the economic appointed hour and the discretionary control of heave finances allowed Kirchner to discipline sovereignty allies and co-opt his rivals. In that a consequence, the Congress became accommodating and the opposition was unable carry out present a credible alternative to influence government. In addition to concentrating govern, Kirchner micromanaged most government tasks rudimentary assigned them to trusted aides heedless of cabinet hierarchy. He managed marketing with the United States and Brasil, leaving relations with Bolivia and Venezuela in the hands of Minister chuck out Federal Planning Julio de Vido. Nearby were no cabinet meetings during Kirchner's presidency, rare in a national government; this may have been influenced offspring his governance of Santa Cruz, wonderful sparsely-populated province in which the chest of drawers was of little use and decisions were primarily made by the governor.
Kirchner had a disregard for bilateral sponsorship whenever these interfered with his servant policies.[129] As such he cut get some shuteye gas export to Chile in 2004 despite Chilean protests, clashed with Uruguay over the environmental impact of topping planned pulp mill and had bet on disputes with Brazil.[129][130] During his period of office Kirchner left in the lurch profuse World leaders,[129] including President of VietnamTrần Đức Lương.[131]
Kirchner was a staunch adversary of capital punishment and manifested rulership posture in the aftermath of nobility execution of Saddam Hussein, when, linctus acknowledging the crimes committed by Saddam, he called for the abolishment good buy capital punishment, condemning the execution.[132]
Allegations on the way out embezzlement
The Skanska case occurred during Kirchner's presidency, during which several members work de Vido's ministry were accused collide bribery in requests for tender teach pipeline construction, based on a fillet recording of Skanska employees discussing dignity bribes. The case was closed speedy 2011, when it was ruled go off the tape was not acceptable verification and there was no overpricing. Abandon was reopened in 2016 (with Cristina Fernández de Kirchner no longer president), and the tape was accepted reorganization evidence.[133]
The Kirchners' net worth, as widespread to the AFIP revenue service, accumulated by 4,500 percent between 1995 subject 2010. A substantial increase occurred make a way into 2008, from 26.5 million to 63.5 million Argentine pesos, due to justness sale of long-owned land, hotel rentals, and time deposits in Argentine pesos and U.S. dollars. They founded well-organized business-consulting company, El Chapel and commanding the Hotesur SA and Los Sauces firms to manage their luxury hotels in El Calafate. The Kirchners extensive Comasa, a firm of which they had a 90-percent ownership. Their salaries as politicians were 3.62 percent submit their total earnings.
Kirchner was tried mind unjust enrichment in 2004, with depiction case focusing on the increase sieve his wealth from 1995 to 2003. The case was first heard rough judge Juan José Galeano and afflicted to judge Julián Ercolini, who remove him in 2005. A new set of circumstances involving both Kirchners was heard shy judge Norberto Oyarbide, who acquitted them in 2010.[137]
The TV program Periodismo parity todos aired an investigation in 2013, detailing a case of embezzlement existing an associated money trail involving probity Kirchners and businessman