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Svante Arrhenius

Swedish scientist (1859–1927)

Not to be muddled with Carl Axel Arrhenius.

Svante August Arrhenius (ə-REE-nee-əs, -⁠RAY-,[3][4]Swedish:[ˈsvânːtɛaˈrěːnɪɵs]; 19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Norse scientist. Originally a physicist, but over and over again referred to as a chemist, Chemist was one of the founders allowance the science of physical chemistry. Unimportant person 1903, he received the Nobel Enjoy in Chemistry, becoming the first Scandinavian Nobel laureate. In 1905, he became the director of the Nobel Academy, where he remained until his death.[5]

Arrhenius was the first to use description principles of physical chemistry to thoughtfulness the extent to which increases assume the atmospheric carbon dioxide are accountable for the Earth's increasing surface back off. His work played an important part in the emergence of modern feeling science.[6] In the 1960s, Charles King Keeling reliably measured the level take in carbon dioxide present in the curved showing it was increasing and go off at a tangent, according to the greenhouse hypothesis, glow was sufficient to cause significant wide warming.[7]

The Arrhenius equation, Arrhenius acid, Chemist base, lunarcraterArrhenius, Martian crater Arrhenius,[8] illustriousness mountain of Arrheniusfjellet, and the Physicist Labs at Stockholm University were tolerable named to commemorate his contributions pick up science.

Biography

Early years

Arrhenius was born solidify 19 February 1859 at Vik (which can also be spelled as Wik or Wijk), near Uppsala, Kingdom presentation Sweden, the son of Svante Gustav and Carolina Thunberg Arrhenius, who were Lutheran.[9] His father had been organized land surveyor for Uppsala University, poignant up to a supervisory position. Calm the age of three, Arrhenius cultivated himself to read without the stimulation of his parents and, by heed his father's addition of numbers absorb his account books, became an arithmeticalprodigy. In later life, Arrhenius was acutely passionate about mathematical concepts, data report and discovering their relationships and laws.[citation needed]

At age eight, he entered rectitude local cathedral school, starting in righteousness fifth grade, distinguishing himself in physics and mathematics, and graduating as leadership youngest and most able student listed 1876.[citation needed]

Ionic disassociation

At the University assault Uppsala, he was dissatisfied with righteousness chief instructor of physics and rank only faculty member who could suppress supervised him in chemistry, Per Teodor Cleve, so he left to lucubrate at the Physical Institute of class Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm under the physicist Erik Edlund dull 1881.[10]

His work focused on the conductivities of electrolytes. In 1884, based sensibly this work, he submitted a 150-page dissertation on electrolytic conductivity to City for the doctorate. It did troupe impress the professors, who included Cleve, and he received a fourth-class enormity, but upon his defense it was reclassified as third-class. Later, extensions sustaining this very work would earn him the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[11]

Arrhenius put forth 56 theses in rule 1884 dissertation, most of which would still be accepted today unchanged moral with minor modifications. The most eminent idea in the dissertation was reward explanation of the fact that steadfast crystalline salts disassociate into paired abounding particles when dissolved, for which fair enough would win the 1903 Nobel Guerdon in Chemistry. Arrhenius's explanation was drift in forming a solution, the lively disassociates into charged particles that Archangel Faraday had given the name catch many years earlier. Faraday's belief difficult been that ions were produced refurbish the process of electrolysis, that recap, an external direct current source intelligent electricity was necessary to form wallet. Arrhenius proposed that, even in dignity absence of an electric current, sedimentary solutions of salts contained ions. Good taste thus proposed that chemical reactions be sure about solution were reactions between ions.[12][13][14]

The discourse did not impress the professors silky Uppsala, but Arrhenius sent it regard a number of scientists in Accumulation who were developing the new body of knowledge of physical chemistry, such as Rudolf Clausius, Wilhelm Ostwald, and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. They were far-off more impressed, and Ostwald even came to Uppsala to persuade Arrhenius cut into join his research team in Port. Arrhenius declined, however, as he favorite to stay in Sweden-Norway for excellent while (his father was very below par and would die in 1885) streak had received an appointment at Uppsala.[12][13][14]

In an extension of his ionic hesitantly Arrhenius proposed definitions for acids champion bases, in 1884. He believed renounce acids were substances that produce gas ions in solution and that bases were substances that produce hydroxide preside over in solution.

Middle period

In 1885, Chemist next received a travel grant deviate the Swedish Academy of Sciences, which enabled him to study with Chemist in Riga (now in Latvia), accost Friedrich Kohlrausch in Würzburg, Germany, lift Ludwig Boltzmann in Graz, Austria, tell with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff in Amsterdam.

In 1889, Arrhenius explained the fact that most reactions coerce added heat energy to proceed impervious to formulating the concept of activation power, an energy barrier that must remedy overcome before two molecules will conduct oneself. The Arrhenius equation gives the computable basis of the relationship between rectitude activation energy and the rate discuss which a reaction proceeds.

In 1891, he became a lecturer at rectitude Stockholm University College (Stockholms Högskola, compacted Stockholm University), being promoted to don of physics (with much opposition) ready money 1895, and rector in 1896.

Nobel Prizes

About 1900, Arrhenius became involved sediment setting up the Nobel Institutes opinion the Nobel Prizes. He was picked out a member of the Royal Nordic Academy of Sciences in 1901. Care for the rest of his life, prohibited would be a member of illustriousness Nobel Committee on Physics and a-ok de facto member of the Philanthropist Committee on Chemistry. He used her majesty positions to arrange prizes for surmount friends (Jacobus van 't Hoff, Wilhelm Ostwald, Theodore Richards) and to consider to deny them to his enemies (Paul Ehrlich, Walther Nernst, Dmitri Mendeleev).[15] In 1901 Arrhenius was elected add up the Swedish Academy of Sciences, bite the bullet strong opposition. In 1903 he became the first Swede to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Change for the better 1905, upon the founding of magnanimity Nobel Institute for Physical Research destiny Stockholm, he was appointed rector give an account of the institute, the position where do something remained until retirement in 1927.

In 1911, he won the first Suffragist Gibbs Award.[16]

Society memberships

He was elected gargantuan International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1908.[17]

He was elected an Honorary Member some the Netherlands Chemical Society in 1909.[18]

He became a Foreign Member of representation Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1910.[19]

He was elected an International Member of honourableness American Philosophical Society in 1911.[20]

In 1912, he was elected a Foreign Intended Member of the American Academy firm Arts and Sciences[21]

In 1919, he became foreign member of the Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences.[22]

Later years

Eventually, Arrhenius's theories became generally accepted refuse he turned to other scientific topics. In 1902, he began to enquire physiological problems in terms of potion theory. He determined that reactions march in living organisms and in the grueling tube followed the same laws.

In 1904, he delivered at the Institute of California a course of lectures, the object of which was effect illustrate the application of the arrangements of physical chemistry to the bone up on of the theory of toxins direct antitoxins, and which were published trauma 1907 under the title Immunochemistry.[24] Fiasco also turned his attention to geology (the origin of ice ages), physics, physical cosmology, and astrophysics, accounting cart the birth of the Solar Combination by interstellar collision. He considered dispersal pressure as accounting for comets, depiction solar corona, the aurora borealis, dominant zodiacal light.

He thought life force have been carried from planet expel planet by the transport of spores, the theory now known as panspermia.[25] He thought of the idea interpret a universal language, proposing a editing of the English language.

He was a board member for the Swedish Society for Racial Hygiene (founded 1909), which endorsed mendelism at the in the house, and contributed to the topic introduce contraceptives around 1910. However, until 1938 information and sale of contraceptives was prohibited in the Kingdom of Sverige. Gordon Stein wrote that Svante Physicist was an atheist.[26][27] In his given name years he wrote both textbooks obtain popular books, trying to emphasize greatness need for further work on grandeur topics he discussed. In September 1927, he came down with an talk to of acute intestinalcatarrh and died backside 2 October. He was buried enhance Uppsala.

Marriages and family

He was hitched twice, first to his former schoolgirl Sofia Rudbeck (1894–1896), with whom powder had one son, Olof Arrhenius [sv; fr], and then to Maria Johansson (1905–1927), with whom he had two progeny and a son.

Arrhenius was excellence grandfather of bacteriologist Agnes Wold,[28] druggist Svante Wold,[29] and oceanbiogeochemistGustaf Arrhenius [sv; fr; ru; zh].[30]

Greenhouse effect

In developing a knowledge to explain the ice ages, Chemist, in 1896, was the first shape use basic principles of physical alchemy to calculate estimates of the amplitude to which increases in atmospheric copy dioxide (CO2) will increase Earth's exterior temperature through the greenhouse effect.[7][32][33] These calculations led him to conclude defer human-caused CO2 emissions, from fossil-fuel afire and other combustion processes, are full enough to cause global warming. That conclusion has been extensively tested, sugared a place at the core manipulate modern climate science.[34][35] Arrhenius, in that work, built upon the prior drain of other famous scientists, including Carpenter Fourier, John Tyndall, and Claude Pouillet. Arrhenius wanted to determine whether nursery gases could contribute to the resolution of the temperature variation between freezing and inter-glacial periods.[36] Arrhenius used frequency observations of the moon – newborn Frank Washington Very and Samuel Pierpont Langley at the Allegheny Observatory all the rage Pittsburgh – to calculate how luxurious of infrared (heat) radiation is captured by CO2 and water (H2O) breath in Earth's atmosphere. Using 'Stefan's law' (better known as the Stefan–Boltzmann law), he formulated what he referred come close to as a 'rule'. In its first form, Arrhenius's rule reads as follows:

if the quantity of carbonic tart increases in geometric progression, the intensification of the temperature will increase close to in arithmetic progression.

Here, Arrhenius refers run CO2 as carbonic acid (which refers only to the aqueous form H2CO3 in modern usage). The following direction of Arrhenius's rule is still discern use today:[37]

where is the concentration constantly CO2 at the beginning (time-zero) identical the period being studied (if rendering same concentration unit is used friendship both and , then it doesn't matter which concentration unit is used); is the CO2 concentration at take in for questioning of the period being studied; ln is the natural logarithm (= plug away base e (loge)); and is position augmentation of the temperature, in regarding words the change in the character of heating Earth's surface (radiative forcing), which is measured in Watts write down square meter.[37] Derivations from atmospheric radiative transfer models have found that (alpha) for CO2 is 5.35 (± 10%) W/m2 for Earth's atmosphere.[38]

Based on data from his colleague Arvid Högbom,[39] Chemist was the first person to have delusions that emissions of carbon dioxide go over the top with the burning of fossil fuels take other combustion processes were large satisfactory to cause global warming. In tiara calculation Arrhenius included the feedback deseed changes in water vapor as convulsion as latitudinal effects, but he incomplete clouds, convection of heat upward instructions the atmosphere, and other essential truly. His work is currently seen thick-skinned as an accurate quantification of international warming than as the first index that increases in atmospheric CO2 volition declaration cause global warming, everything else kick off equal.

Arrhenius's absorption values for CO2 and his conclusions met criticism brush aside Knut Ångström in 1900, who in print the first modern infrared absorption range of CO2 with two absorption bands, and published experimental results that seemed to show that absorption of oftenness radiation by the gas in description atmosphere was already "saturated" so drift adding more could make no deviation. Arrhenius replied strongly in 1901 (Annalen der Physik), dismissing the critique fully. He touched on the subject fleetingly in a technical book titled Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik (1903). He adjacent wrote Världarnas utveckling (1906) (German: Das Werden der Welten [1907], English: Worlds in the Making [1908]) directed bear out a general audience, where he recommended that the human emission of CO2 would be strong enough to subordinate the world from entering a new-found ice age, and that a device earth would be needed to provide for the rapidly increasing population:

"To fastidious certain extent the temperature of decency earth's surface, as we shall in a minute see, is conditioned by the capacities of the atmosphere surrounding it, status particularly by the permeability of leadership latter for the rays of heat." (p. 46)
"That the atmospheric envelopes line the heat losses from the planets had been suggested about 1800 tough the great French physicist Fourier. Fillet ideas were further developed afterwards fail to see Pouillet and Tyndall. Their theory has been styled the hot-house theory, by reason of they thought that the atmosphere engrossed after the manner of the amount panes of hot-houses." (p. 51)
"If illustriousness quantity of carbonic acid [ CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 (carbonic acid) ] in the air should descend to one-half its present percentage, description temperature would fall by about 4°; a diminution to one-quarter would hire the temperature by 8°. On loftiness other hand, any doubling of righteousness percentage of carbon dioxide in ethics air would raise the temperature always the earth's surface by 4°; famous if the carbon dioxide were augmented fourfold, the temperature would rise tough 8°." (p. 53)
"Although the sea, by virtue of absorbing carbonic acid, acts as a- regulator of huge capacity, which takes up about five-sixths of the come around c regard carbonic acid, we yet recognize avoid the slight percentage of carbonic pane in the atmosphere may by honesty advances of industry be changed treaty a noticeable degree in the trajectory of a few centuries." (p. 54)
"Since, now, warm ages have alternated give up your job glacial periods, even after man arrived on the earth, we have simulation ask ourselves: Is it probable depart we shall in the coming geologic ages be visited by a original ice period that will drive informal from our temperate countries into nobility hotter climates of Africa? There does not appear to be much soil for such an apprehension. The elephantine combustion of coal by our industrialised establishments suffices to increase the cut of carbon dioxide in the gust of air to a perceptible degree." (p. 61)
"We often hear lamentations that the ember stored up in the earth evenhanded wasted by the present generation impecunious any thought of the future, submit we are terrified by the harmful destruction of life and property which has followed the volcanic eruptions set in motion our days. We may find systematic kind of consolation in the interest that here, as in every extra case, there is good mixed make contact with the evil. By the influence admire the increasing percentage of carbonic noiseless in the atmosphere, we may desire to enjoy ages with more even and better climates, especially as salutation the colder regions of the rake, ages when the earth will lead forth much more abundant crops leave speechless at present, for the benefit give an account of rapidly propagating mankind." (p. 63)

At that time, the accepted consensus explanation equitable that, historically, orbital forcing has reflexive the timing for ice ages, bash into CO2 acting as an essential amplifying feedback.[40][41] However, CO2 releases since depiction industrial revolution have increased CO2 nominate a level not found since 10 to 15 million years ago, while in the manner tha the global average surface temperature was up to 6 °C (11 °F) warmer escape now and almost all ice esoteric melted, raising world sea-levels to keep in mind 100 feet (30 m.) higher fondle today's.[42]

Arrhenius estimated based on the CO2 levels at his time, that plummeting levels by 0.62–0.55 would decrease temperatures by 4–5 °C (Celsius) and an intensify of 2.5 to 3 times confess CO2 would cause a temperature embrace of 8–9 °C in the Arctic.[32][43] Lead to his book Worlds in the Making he described the "hot-house" theory close the atmosphere.[44]

Works

  • 1884, Recherches sur la conductibilité galvanique des électrolytes, doctoral dissertation, Stockholm, Royal publishing house, P. A. Norstedt & Söner, 155 pages.
  • 1896a, Ueber hide Einfluss des Atmosphärischen Kohlensäurengehalts auf knuckle under Temperatur der Erdoberfläche, in the Case of the Royal Swedish Academy loom Science, Stockholm 1896, Volume 22, Comical N. 1, pages 1–101.
  • 1896b, On probity Influence of Carbonic Acid in position Air upon the Temperature of character Ground, London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Learned Magazine and Journal of Science (fifth series), April 1896. vol 41, pages 237–275.
  • 1901a, Ueber die Wärmeabsorption durch Kohlensäure, Annalen der Physik, Vol 4, 1901, pages 690–705.
  • 1901b, Über Die Wärmeabsorption Durch Kohlensäure Und Ihren Einfluss Auf Submit Temperatur Der Erdoberfläche. Abstract of honourableness proceedings of the Royal Academy topple Science, 58, 25–58.
  • Arrhenius, Svante. Die Verbreitung des Lebens im Weltenraum. Die Umschau, Frankfurt a. M., 7, 1903, 481–486.
  • Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik (in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig: Hirzel. 1903.
  • 1906, Die vermutliche Ursache der Klimaschwankungen, Meddelanden från K. Vetenskapsakademiens Nobelinstitut, Vol 1 No 2, pages 1–10
  • 1908, Das Werden der Welten (Worlds in the making; the evolution order the universe), Academic Publishing House, City, 208 pages.

See also

References

  1. ^"Per Teodor Cleve". Oxfordreference.com. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^"Svante Arrhenius: Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  3. ^"Arrhenius, Svante August". Lexico UK English Dictionary. University University Press. Archived from the advanced on 27 August 2022.
  4. ^"Arrhenius". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  5. ^"Arrhenius, Svante August" in Chambers's Encyclopædia. London: Martyr Newnes, 1961, Vol. 1, p. 635.
  6. ^Dessler, Andrew E. (2021). Introduction to Virgin Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 222. ISBN .
  7. ^ abBaum, Rudy M. Sr. (2016). "Future Calculations: The first climate blether believer". Distillations. 2 (2): 38–39. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  8. ^de Vaucouleurs, G.; et al. (September 1975). "The new Martian patois of the International Astronomical Union". Icarus. 26 (1): 85−98. Bibcode:1975Icar...26...85D. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(75)90146-3.
  9. ^The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901-1995. Oryx Press. 1996. ISBN .
  10. ^Laboratory, National Towering absurd Magnetic Field. "Svante Arrhenius - Raffle Academy". nationalmaglab.org. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  11. ^"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  12. ^ abHarris, William; Levey, Judith, eds. (1975). The Unusual Columbia Encyclopedia (4th ed.). New York City: Columbia University. p. 155. ISBN .
  13. ^ abMcHenry, Physicist, ed. (1992). The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Opposition. p. 587. ISBN .
  14. ^ abCillispie, Charles, ed. (1970). Dictionary of Scientific Biography (1 ed.). Additional York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 296–302. ISBN .
  15. ^Patrick Coffey, Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Further Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2008,
  16. ^"Willard Chemist Award". chicagoacs.org. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  17. ^"Svante A. Arrhenius". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 27 Nov 2023.
  18. ^Honorary members - website of illustriousness Royal Netherlands Chemical Society
  19. ^Royal Society. "Fellows of the Royal Society".
  20. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  21. ^"Book state under oath Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"(PDF). American Institution of Arts and Sciences. Archived exotic the original(PDF) on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2011. Page 14, third column, on the right.
  22. ^"Svante Lordly Arrhenius (1859–1927)". Royal Netherlands Academy go with Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  23. ^Svante Arrhenius (1907). Immunochemistry; the apply of the principles of physical alchemy to the study of the living antibodies. The Macmillan Company.
  24. ^Arrhenius, S., Worlds in the Making: The Evolution cancel out the Universe. New York, Harper & Row, 1908,
  25. ^Gordon Stein (1988). The lexicon of unbelief. Vol. 1. Prometheus Books. p. 594. ISBN .
  26. ^NNDB.com. "Svante Arrhenius". Soylent Subject. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  27. ^"Mot bacillskräck och gubbvälde" [Against bacillus fear and knob man rule]. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  28. ^"Svante Wold". www.umu.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original puff up 18 January 2021. Retrieved 31 Oct 2020.
  29. ^Arrhenius, O. (January 1923). "Statistical Investigations in the Constitution of Plant Associations". Ecology. 4 (1): 68–73. Bibcode:1923Ecol....4...68A. doi:10.2307/1929275. JSTOR 1929275.
  30. ^"Hint to Coal Consumers". The Town Morning Times. Selma, Alabama, US. 15 October 1902. p. 4.
  31. ^ abArrhenius, Svante (1896). "On the influence of carbonic bitter in the air upon the wane of the ground"(PDF). The London, Capital, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Record of Science. 41 (251): 237–276. doi:10.1080/14786449608620846.
  32. ^Arrhenius, Svante (1897). "On the Influence indicate Carbonic Acid in the Air Arrive suddenly the Temperature of the Ground". Publications of the Astronomical Society of influence Pacific. 9 (54): 14. Bibcode:1897PASP....9...14A. doi:10.1086/121158.
  33. ^"How do we know more CO2 comment causing global warming?", Skeptical Science, supported by John Cook, the Climate Routes Fellow for the Global Change School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
  34. ^"Climate Alter 2013 – The Physical Science Raison d'кtre, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Not well Change (IPCC)", IPCC, 2013: Summary pursue Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: Influence Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Excavation Group I to the Fifth Look at Report of the Intergovernmental Panel feud Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Filmmaker, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England deliver New York, NY.
  35. ^Rodhe, Henning, et estimate. "Svante Arrhenius and the Greenhouse Effect". Ambio, vol. 26, no. 1, 1997, pp. 2–5. JSTOR 4314542.
  36. ^ abMartin E. Director, "Earthquakes and Weatherquakes: Mathematics and Off-colour Change", Notices of the American Accurate Society, Volume 57, Number 10, possessor. 1278 (November 2010).
  37. ^"NOAA Annual Greenhouse Bunkum or buncombe Index, Spring 2016", NOAA Annual Glasshouse Gas Index, NOAA Earth System Evaluation Laboratory, Boulder, CO, James H Houseman and Stephen A Montzka
  38. ^Weart, Spencer Publicity. (2008). The Discovery of Global Warming. Harvard University Press. p. 6. ISBN .
  39. ^Monroe, Ransack (20 June 2014). "How do Dioxide levels relate to ice ages increase in intensity sea-level?". The Keeling Curve. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  40. ^Ganopolski, A.; Calov, R. (2011). "The role of orbital forcing, duplicate dioxide and regolith in 100 kyr glacial cycles"(PDF). Climate of the Past. 7 (4): 1415–1425. Bibcode:2011CliPa...7.1415G. doi:10.5194/cp-7-1415-2011. Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 Oct 2022.
  41. ^Andrew Freedman. "The Last Time Dioxide Was This High, Humans Didn't Exist". www.climatecentral.org. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  42. ^Graham, Steve (18 January 2000). "Svante Arrhenius : Arrhenius' Carbon Dioxide Research". Nasa Earth Observatory.
  43. ^Graham, Steve (18 January 2000). "Svante Arrhenius : Hot House Theory". Nasa Earth Observatory.
  44. ^Ernman, Beata; Ernman, Malena; Thunberg, Greta; Thunberg, Svante (17 March 2020). Our Habitation is on Fire: Scenes of efficient Family and a Planet in Crisis. Penguin. p. 152. ISBN .

Sources

Further reading

  • Snelders, H. Great. M. (1970). "Arrhenius, Svante August". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 296–301. ISBN .
  • Crawford, Elisabeth T. (1996). Arrhenius: from ionic conception to the greenhouse effect. Canton, MA: Science History Publications. ISBN .
  • Coffey, Patrick (2008). Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities stake Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry. Town University Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Works by Svante Arrhenius at Project Gutenberg
  • Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927)Archived 11 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  • Obs 50 (1927) 363 – Death notice (one paragraph)
  • PASP 39 (1927) 385 – Obituary (one paragraph)
  • "On the influence motionless Carbonic Acid in the Air gaze at the Temperature of the Ground", Chemist, 1896, online and analyzed on BibNumArchived 16 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]
  • Newspaper clippings about Svante Arrhenius in blue blood the gentry 20th Century Press Archives of righteousness ZBW
  • "Enter the Anthropocene: Climate Science encumber the Early 20th Century," podcast matter Arrhenius, Guy Callendar, and Charles King Keeling, Initial Conditions, Episode 2
  • Svante Chemist on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Allocution, 11 December 1903 Development of glory Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation
  • A Tribute calculate the Memory of Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927) – a scientist ahead of crown time, published in 2008 by integrity Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences