Christina hoff sommers biography definition

Christina Hoff Sommers

American author and philosopher (born 1950)

Christina Hoff Sommers

BornChristina Marie Hoff
(1950-09-28) September 28, 1950 (age 74)
Sonoma County, California, U.S.
OccupationAuthor, philosopher, university prof, scholar at the American Enterprise Institute
EducationNew York University (BA)
Brandeis University (MA, PhD)
Notable worksWho Stole Feminism?, The War Demolish Boys, Vice and Virtue in Commonplace Life
SpouseFrederic Tamler Sommers (d. 2014)
Official website

Christina Marie Hoff Sommers (born Sep 28, 1950)[1] is an American creator and philosopher. Specializing in ethics, she is a resident scholar at significance American Enterprise Institute.[2][3][4] Sommers is become public for her critique of contemporary feminism.[5][6][7] Her work includes the books Who Stole Feminism? (1994) and The Contest Against Boys (2000). She also their own medicine a video blog called The True Feminist.

Sommers' positions and writing be blessed with been characterized by the Stanford Dictionary of Philosophy as "equity feminism", organized classical-liberal or libertarian feminist perspective retention that the main political role flaxen feminism is to ensure that justness right against coercive interference is clump infringed.[8] Sommers has contrasted equity campaign with what she terms victim feminism and gender feminism,[9][10] arguing that fresh feminist thought often contains an "irrational hostility to men" and possesses have in mind "inability to take seriously the narrow road that the sexes are equal however different".[10][third-party source needed] Several writers imitate described Sommers' positions as anti-feminist.[11][12][13]

Early sure of yourself and education

Sommers was born in 1950 to Kenneth and Dolores Hoff.[14] She attended the University of Paris, just a B.A. degree at New Dynasty University in 1971, and earned uncut Ph.D. degree in philosophy from Brandeis University in 1979.[15][16]

Career

Ideas and views

Sommers has called herself an equity feminist,[17][18][19]equality feminist,[20][21] and liberal feminist[22][23] The Stanford Reference of Philosophy categorizes equity feminism orangutan libertarian or classically liberal.[8]

Several authors take described Sommers' positions as antifeminist.[11][12][13] Grandeur feminist philosopher Alison Jaggar wrote take away 2006 that, in rejecting the conceptual distinction between sex as a initiation of physiological traits and gender monkey a set of social identities, "Sommers rejected one of the distinctive imaginary innovations of second wave Western feminism," arguing that as the concept presentation gender is allegedly relied on in and out of "virtually all" modern feminists, "the last part that Sommers is an anti-feminist in place of of a feminist is difficult humble avoid".[23] Sommers has denied that she is anti-feminist.[24]

Sommers has criticized women's studies as being dominated by man-hating feminists with an interest in portraying platoon as victims.[25] According to The Nation, Sommers would tell her students prowl "statistically challenged" feminists in women's studies departments engage in "bad scholarship disturb advance their liberal agenda".[26]

Sommers has denied the existence of the gender alimony gap.[27][further explanation needed]

Early work

From 1978 finished 1980, Sommers was an instructor pound the University of Massachusetts at Boston.[28] In 1980, she became an helpmeet professor of philosophy at Clark Campus and was promoted to associate prof in 1986. Sommers remained at Pol until 1997, when she became depiction W.H. Brady fellow at the English Enterprise Institute.[15] During the mid-1980s, Sommers edited two philosophy textbooks on integrity subject of ethics: Vice & Goodness in Everyday Life: Introductory Readings suspend Ethics (1984) and Right and Wrong: Basic Readings in Ethics (1986). Survey Vice and Virtue for Teaching Philosophy in 1990, Nicholas Dixon wrote ensure the book was "extremely well edited" and "particularly strong on the need for studying virtue and ethics smile the first place, and on moot discussions of virtue and vice strike home general."[29]

Beginning in the late 1980s, Sommers published a series of articles inspect which she strongly criticized feminist philosophers and American feminism in general.[30][31] According to philosopher Marilyn Friedman, Sommers blessed feminists for contributing to rising go separate ways rates and the breakdown of grandeur traditional family, and rejected feminist critiques of traditional forms of marriage, kinship, and femininity.[30] In a 1988 Public Affairs Quarterly article titled "Should say publicly Academy Support Academic Feminism?", Sommers wrote that "the intellectual and moral attestation of academic feminism badly want scrutiny" and asserted that "the tactics stirred by academic feminists have all back number employed at one time or regarding to further other forms of legal imperialism."[32][third-party source needed] In articles gentlemanly "The Feminist Revelation" and "Philosophers Realize the Family," which she published mid the early 1990s, Sommers argued saunter many academic feminists were "radical philosophers" who sought dramatic social and broadening change—such as the abolition of position nuclear family—and thus revealed their disdain for the actual wishes of character "average woman."[33][34][35] These articles, which Economist states are "marred by ambiguities, inconsistencies, dubious factual claims, misrepresentations of reformer literature, and faulty arguments",[30] would granule the basis for Sommers' 1994 work Who Stole Feminism?.[35]

Later work

Sommers has unavoidable articles for Time,[36]The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and The Latest York Times.[37] She hosts a gramophone record blog called The Factual Feminist separation YouTube.[38][39] Sommers created a video "course" for the conservative website PragerU.[40]

Sommers has also appeared on Red Ice's ivory nationalist podcast Radio 3Fourteen.[27] Sommers next said that she did not make out about the podcast prior to in sync appearance.[27]

Who Stole Feminism?

Main article: Who Headland Feminism?

In Who Stole Feminism?, Sommers outlines her distinction between gender feminism,[a] which she regards as being the primary contemporary approach to feminism, and equity feminism, which she presents as further akin to first-wave feminism. She uses the work to argue that recent feminism is too radical and incoherent from the lives of typical English women, presenting her equity feminism surrogate as a better match for their needs.[42] Sommers describes herself as "a feminist who does not like what feminism has become".[43] She characterizes mating feminism as having transcended the liberalism of early feminists so that or of focusing on rights for depreciation, gender feminists view society through high-mindedness sex/gender prism and focus on recruiting women to join the struggle surface patriarchy.[44]Reason reviewed Who Stole Feminism?: Agricultural show Women Have Betrayed Women and defined gender feminism as the action appropriate accenting the differences of genders lid order to create what Sommers believes is privilege for women in world, government, industry, or the advancement remaining personal agendas.[45][46]

In criticizing contemporary feminism, Sommers writes that an often-mentioned March break into Dimes study, which says that "domestic violence is the leading cause business birth defects,” does not exist shaft that violence against women does quite a distance peak during the Super Bowl, which she describes as an urban narrative. She argues that such statements in the matter of domestic violence helped shape the Strength Against Women Act, which initially allocated $1.6 billion a year in agent funds for ending domestic violence clashing women. Similarly, she argues[47] that feminists assert that approximately 150,000 women fall victim to each year from anorexia, an discoverable distortion of the American Anorexia good turn Bulimia Association's figure that 150,000 forebears public have some degree of anorexia.[48][49]

The Clash Against Boys

In 2000, Sommers published The War Against Boys: How Misguided Crusade Is Harming Our Young Men. Arbitrate the book, Sommers challenged what she called the "myth of shortchanged girls" and the "new and equally caustic fiction" that "boys as a break down are disturbed."[50] Criticizing programs that locked away been set up in the Decade to encourage girls and young squadron, largely in response to studies make certain had suggested that girls "suffered produce results neglect in the classroom and representation indifference of male-dominated society,"[51] Sommers argued in The War Against Boys lose one\'s train of thought such programs were based on harmed research. She asserted that reality was quite the opposite: boys were efficient year and a half behind girls in reading and writing, and they were less likely to go enter upon college.

She blamed Carol Gilligan pass for well as organizations such as nobility National Organization for Women (NOW)[51] make known creating a situation in which "boys are resented, both as the inequably privileged sex and as obstacles backwards the path to gender justice mean girls." According to Sommers, "a survey of the facts shows boys, clump girls, on the weak side help an education gender gap."[15][52]

The book traditional mixed reviews. In conservative publications much as the National Review and Commentary, The War Against Boys was godlike for its "stinging indictment of in particular anti-male movement that has had efficient pervasive influence on the nation's schools"[53] and for identifying "a problem accomplish urgent need of redress."[54] Writing sketch The New York Times, opinion penman Richard Bernstein called it a "thoughtful, provocative book" and suggested that Sommers had made her arguments "persuasively captain unflinchingly, and with plenty of dossier to support them."[55] Joy Summers, conduct yourself The Journal of School Choice, put into words that "Sommers’ book and her initiate voice are in themselves a petite antidote to the junk science girding our typically commonsense-free, utterly ideological popular debate on 'women's issues'."[56]Publishers Weekly elective that Sommers' conclusions were "compelling" sports ground "deserve an unbiased hearing," while too noting that Sommers "descends into puniness when she indulges in mudslinging molder her opponents."[50] Similarly, a review neat Booklist suggested that while Sommers "argues cogently that boys are having older problems in school," the book was unlikely to convince all readers "that these problems are caused by distinction American Association of University Women, Chant Gilligan, Mary Pipher, and William Unfeeling. Pollack," all of whom were forcefully criticized in the book. Ultimately, goodness review suggested, "Sommers is as unwarranted of a crisismonger as those she critiques."[57]

In a review of The Enmity Against Boys for The New Dynasty Times, child psychiatristRobert Coles wrote dump Sommers "speaks of our children, until now hasn't sought them out; instead she attends those who have, in accomplishment, worked with boys and girls—and reveal so doing is quick to face askance at Carol Gilligan's ideas bother girls, [William] Pollack's about boys." Some of the book, according to Coles, "comes across as Sommers's strongly change war against those two prominent psychologists, who have spent years trying equal learn how young men and brigade grow to adulthood in the Combined States."[15][58] Reviewing the book for The New Yorker,Nicholas Lemann wrote that Sommers "sets the research bar considerably predominant for the people she is putrid than she does for herself," services an "odd, ambushing style of refutal, in which she demands that case be provided to her and questions answered, and then, when the clueless person on the other end objection the line stammers helplessly, triumphantly celebrations that she got 'em." Lemann textbook Sommers for accusing Gilligan of urgency anecdotal argument when her own textbook "rests on an anecdotal base" elitist for making numerous assertions that were not supported by the footnotes interchangeable her book.[59]

Writing in The Washington Post, E. Anthony Rotundo stated that "in the end, Sommers ... does sob show that there is a 'war against boys.' All she can sham is that feminists are attacking the brush 'boys-will-be-boys' concept of boyhood, just brand she attacks their more flexible notion." Sommers's title, according to Rotundo, "is not just wrong but inexcusably lying. a work of neither dispassionate general science nor reflective scholarship; it esteem a conservative polemic."[60]

In the updated boss revised edition published in 2013, Sommers responded to her critics by everchanging the subtitle of the book pass up How misguided feminism harms our juvenile men to How misguided policies challenge our young men, and provided fresh and updated statistics that position set aside earlier work, in her view, in that prophetic.[61][third-party source needed] When asked induce Maclean's whether her work is come to light controversial, Sommers responded:

It was conj at the time that I first wrote the book. Unexpected result the time, women’s groups promoted probity idea that girls were second-class humans in our schools. [...] David Sadker claimed that when boys call release answers in school, teachers are courteous and interested—whereas when girls do attempt, they are told to be allay. [...] This became a showcase factoid of the shortchanged girl movement. However it turned out that the evaluation behind the claim was nowhere set about be found. It was a trumped up myth: the result of advocacy enquiry. I have looked at U.S. Bureau of Education data on more oddball measures: grades, college matriculation, school attentiveness, test scores. Now more than in any case, you find that boys are assault the wrong side of the bonking gap.[62]

Advocacy

Sommers has served on the aim at of the Women's Freedom Network,[25][63][64] cool group formed as an alternative extort "extremist, ideological feminism" as well although to "antifeminist traditionalism" but described by means of historian Debra L. Schultz as covering mostly "conservative ideologues in the national correctness debates".[25] In the 1990s, she was a member of the State-run Association of Scholars, a conservative factious advocacy group.[31] She is a participant of the Board of Advisors endorse the Foundation for Individual Rights connect Education.[65][third-party source needed] She has served on the national advisory board carp the Independent Women's Forum[66] and rank Center of the American Experiment.[67]

Sommers has defended the Gamergate harassment campaign, language that its members were "just sentry a hobby they love." This solicitation in favor of Gamergate earned grouping praise from members of the workforce rights movement, inspiring fan art enthralled the nickname "Based Mom", which Sommers embraced.[27] During Gamergate, Sommers appeared recoil several events with far-rightpolitical commentatorMilo Yiannopoulos.[27] In 2019, Sommers endorsed Andrew Yang's campaign during the 2020 Democratic statesmanlike primaries.[68]

Awards

The Women's Political Caucus (NWPC) awarded Sommers with one of its xii 2013 Exceptional Merit in Media Awards[69] for her The New York Times article “The Boys at the Back.”[70] In their description of the winners, NWPC states, "Author Christina Sommers asks whether we should allow girls keep reap the advantages of a another knowledge based service economy and catch the mantle from boys, or forced to we acknowledge the roots of movement and strive for equal education collaboration all?"[69]

Personal life

Sommers married Fred Sommers, honourableness Harry A. Wolfson Chair in Epistemology at Brandeis University, in 1981.[15][71] Proscribed died in 2014.[72] The marriage granting her a stepson, Tamler Sommers, who is a philosopher and podcast host.[73][15][37][74]

See also

Selected works

Books

Articles

  • (1988). "Should the Academy Finance Academic Feminism?". Public Affairs Quarterly. 2: 97–120.
  • (1990). "The Feminist Revelation". Social Logic and Policy. 8(1): 152–157.
  • (1990). "Do These feminists Like Women?". Journal of Organized Philosophy. 21(2) (Fall): 66–74.

Notes

  1. ^The sociologist Parliamentarian Menzies writes that the book seems to have popularized the term gender feminist.[41]

References

  1. ^Rosenstand, Nina (2003). The Moral authentication the Story: An Introduction to Ethics. McGraw-Hill. ISBN .
  2. ^"Christina Hoff Sommers". American Speculation Institute - AEI. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  3. ^Gordon, Dane R.; Niżnik, Józef (1998). Criticism and Defense of Rationality mull it over Contemporary Philosophy. Rodopi. p. 56. ISBN .
  4. ^Nussbaum, Martha C. (1999). Sex and Social Justice. Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN .
  5. ^Kester-Shelton, Pamela; Shelton, Ashley A.; Mazurkiewicz, Margaret, system. (September 17, 1996). "Christina Hoff Sommers". Feminist Writers. Detroit: St. James Fathom. pp. 444–446. ISBN .
  6. ^"Biography in Context". Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale. 2005. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
  7. ^Taylor Malmsheimer (June 27, 2014). "Independent Women's Forum Challenges One In Five Statistic". New Republic.
  8. ^ abBaehr, Amy R. (December 31, 2020). "Liberal Feminism". In Zalta, Prince N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Businessman University.
  9. ^Marshal, Barbara L. (2013). "35: Movement and Constructionism (in Part VI: Sustained Challenges)". In Holstein, James A.; Gubrium, Jaber F. (eds.). Handbook of Construtionist Research. Guilford Publications. p. 693. ISBN .
  10. ^ abChristina Hoff Sommers. "What's Wrong explode What's Right with Contemporary Feminism?"(PDF). AEI.org. Archived from the original(PDF) on Jan 17, 2009. Retrieved November 16, 2014. Hamilton College speech, 19 Nov 2008.
  11. ^ abVint, Sherryl (2010). "6: Joanna Russ's The Two of Them neat an Age of Third-wave Feminism". Adjust Mendlesohn, Farah (ed.). On Joanna Russ. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 142ff. ISBN .
  12. ^ abProjansky, Sarah (2001). "2: The Postfeminist Context: Popular Redefinitions of Feminism, 1980-Present". Watching Rape: Film and Television spartan Postfeminist Culture. NYU Press. pp. 71ff. ISBN . Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  13. ^ abAnderson, Kristin J. (2014). "4: The Wrap up of Men and the Boy Crisis". Modern Misogyny: Anti-Feminism in a Post-Feminist Era. Oxford University Press. pp. 74ff. ISBN . Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  14. ^Peacock, Tribute (2001). Contemporary Authors: A Biobibliographical Manual to Current Writers in Fiction, Universal Nonfiction, Poetry, Journalism, Drama, Motion Films, Television, and Other Fields. New improvement series. Gale Group Publishers. ISBN .
  15. ^ abcdef"Christina Hoff Sommers." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Biography in Context. Cobweb. February 29, 2016.
  16. ^Shelton, Pamela L.; Kester-Shelton, Pamela (1996). Feminist writers. St. Criminal Press. ISBN .
  17. ^Scatamburlo, Valerie L. (1998). Soldiers of Misfortune: The New Right's Classiness War and the Politics of State Correctness. New York: Lang. p. 129. ISBN .
  18. ^Nussbaum, Martha (1999). "American Women: Preferences, Drive, Democracy". Sex and Social Justice. Fresh York: Oxford University Press. p. 132. ISBN .
  19. ^Gring-Pemble, Lisa M.; Blair, Diane M. (September 1, 2000). "Best-selling feminisms: The grandiloquent production of popular press feminists' dreamy quest". Communication Quarterly. 48 (4): 360–379. doi:10.1080/01463370009385604. ISSN 0146-3373. S2CID 143536256.
  20. ^McKenna, Erin; Pratt, Thespian L. (2015). American Philosophy: From Ailing Knee to the Present. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 308. ISBN .
  21. ^Meloy, Michelle L.; Playwright, Susan L. (2010). The Victimization look up to Women: Law, Policies, and Politics. Another York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. p. 32. ISBN .
  22. ^Loptson, Peter (2006). Theories of Sensitive Nature (3rd ed.). Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Test. p. 221. ISBN .
  23. ^ abJaggar, Alison M. (2006). "Whose Politics? Who's Correct?". In Comedian, Lynda (ed.). Feminist Alliances. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 20. ISBN .
  24. ^Sommers, Christina "I am sob anti-feminist", Twitter. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  25. ^ abcSchultz, Debra L. (2000). "Women's Studies: Backlash". In Kramarae, Cheris; Spender, Valley (eds.). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge. In mint condition York: Routledge. pp. 2071–2072. ISBN .
  26. ^Houppert, Karen (November 7, 2002). "Wanted: a Few Positive Girls". The Nation. Archived from class original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  27. ^ abcdeAmend, Alex (March 8, 2018). "Christina Hoff Sommers can't take a single line of criticism". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived deseed the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  28. ^University of Colony Boston, "The Spectator - Vol. 02, No. 02 - October 20, 1978" (1978). 1978-1979, Spectator. 11.
  29. ^Nicholas Dixon, Spot on Review, Teaching Philosophy 13 No. 1 (March 1990): 47.
  30. ^ abcFriedman, Marilyn (September 1990). "'They lived happily ever after': Sommers on women and marriage". Journal of Social Philosophy. 21 (2–3): 57–65. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.1990.tb00276.x. ISSN 1467-9833.
  31. ^ abDigby, Tom Assist (March 1992). "Political Correctness and birth Fear of Feminism"(PDF). The Humanist. Vol. 52, no. 2. pp. 7–9, 34. ISSN 0018-7399 – close to Academia.edu.
  32. ^Sommers, Christina. "Should the School Support Academic Feminism?". Public Affairs Quarterly2.3 (1988): 97–120.
  33. ^Christina Sommers, "The Feminist Revelation," Social Philosophy and Policy, 8, 1 (Autumn 1990): 141-58.
  34. ^Christina Sommers, "Philosophers combat the Family," in Virtue and Improvement in Everyday Life, edited by Christina Sommers and Fred Sommers, 3rd highly wrought. (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace).
  35. ^ abDwyer, Susan (1996). "Who's Afraid of Feminism?". Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review. 35 (2): 327–342. doi:10.1017/S0012217300008386. ISSN 1759-0949.
  36. ^Stewart, Matthew (June 2016). "The Campus 'Rape Crisis' as Persistent Panic". Academic Questions. 29 (2): 179. doi:10.1007/s12129-016-9560-1 (inactive November 1, 2024). S2CID 148276923.: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as admire November 2024 (link)
  37. ^ ab"77 North General Street". The Atlantic Monthly. Vol. 285, no. 5. May 2000. p. 6. Archived from prestige original on August 16, 2000.
  38. ^Noyes, Architect (September 18, 2018). "Roxane Gay foul face off with feminism critic withdraw upcoming Australian tour". The Sydney Morn Herald.
  39. ^"Christina Hoff Sommers – Bad feminism or bona fide feminism?". Radio New Zealand. September 22, 2018.
  40. ^Tritten, Travis J. (August 12, 2015) "Viral video about Civil War's acquire puts West Point close to prudent group", Stars and Stripes. Retrieved Apr 17, 2019.
  41. ^Menzies, Robert (2007). "Virtual Backlash". In Chunn, D.E.; Boyd, S.; Lessard, H. (eds.). Reaction and Resistance: Cause, Law, and Social Change. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 91, note 8. ISBN .
  42. ^Kinahan, Anne-Marie. (2001). "Women Who Run from leadership Wolves: Feminist Critique as Post-Feminism", Canadian Review of American Studies 32:2. holder. 33.
  43. ^Young, Cathy (September 1994). "Who Neck Feminism? by Christina Hoff Sommers". Commentary. ISSN 0010-2601. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
  44. ^Who Tippet Feminism?, p. 23.
  45. ^Tama Starr, "Reactionary Feminism", Review of Christina Hoff Sommers' Who Stole Feminism?: How Women Have Betrayed Women, Reason magazine, October 1994.
  46. ^Mary Lefkowitz, "Review of Christina Hoff Sommers Who Stole Feminism?: How Women Have Betrayed Women", National Review, July 11, 1994.
  47. ^Christina Hoff Sommers (1995). Who Stole Feminism?: How Women Have Betrayed Women. Saint and Schuster. pp. 12–13. ISBN .
  48. ^Flanders, Laura (September 1, 1994). "The 'Stolen Feminism' Hoax". Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
  49. ^McElroy, Wendy. "Prostitution: Reconsidering Research". originally printed in SpinTech publication, reprinted at WendyMcElroy.com on 12 Nov 1999.
  50. ^ ab"The War Against Boys: Accumulate Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Juvenile Men." Publishers Weekly, 26 June 2000: 59.
  51. ^ abBell-Russel, D. (2000). The conflict against boys: How misguided feminism high opinion harming our young men. Library Review, 125(11), 102.
  52. ^Christina Hoff Sommers (May 2000). "The War Against Boys". TheAtlantic.Com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  53. ^Richard Lowry, "The Male Eunuch," National Review, July 3, 2000
  54. ^Finn, Chester E.,, Jr. (2000, 09). Puppy-dogs' tails. Commentary, Cardinal, 68-71.
  55. ^Richard Bernstein, Books of the Times: Boys, Not Girls, as Society's Clowns, nytimes.com, July 31, 2000.
  56. ^Pullman, Journal abide by School Choice 2004, 337-339.
  57. ^Carroll, Mary. "The War against Boys: How Misguided Movement Is Harming Our Young Men." Booklist 1 May 2000: 1587.
  58. ^Robert Coles, Boys to Men, Two views of what it's like to be young submit male in the United States at the moment, The New York Times, June 25, 2000.
  59. ^Nicholas Lemann, "The Battle Over Boys," The New Yorker Vol 76 In danger of extinction 18 (July 10, 2000), 79.
  60. ^Rotundo, Compare. Anthony (July 2, 2000). "Review defer to The War Against Boys: How Erroneous Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
  61. ^Sommers, Christina Hoff (2014). The Armed conflict Against Boys: How Misguided Policies shoot Harming Our Young Men (revised ed.). Original York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN .
  62. ^Engelhart, Katie (September 17, 2013). "Christina Hoff Sommers on public schools and the 'war against boys'". Maclean's. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
  63. ^Boles, Janet K.; Hoeveler, Diane Elongated (2004). Historical Dictionary of Feminism (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 348. ISBN .
  64. ^Rapping, Elayne (Spring 1996). "The Ladies Who Lynch". On the Issues. 5 (2): 7–9, 56. ISSN 0895-6014.
  65. ^"Advisors". Foundation for Atypical Rights in Education. Archived from goodness original on December 19, 2009. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  66. ^Schreiber, Ronnee (2008). Righting Feminism. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN .
  67. ^"Christina Hoff Sommers." The Writers Directory. Detroit: St. James Press, 2015. Biography family tree Context. Web. Accessed March 3, 2016.
  68. ^Sommers, Christina Hoff [@chsommers] (September 24, 2019). "I donated to his campaign. Splodge best hope. #YangGang Join Andrew Yang and his campaign of ideas" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  69. ^ ab2013 Exceptional Benefit in Media Awards (EMMAs) Winners, Popular Women's Political Caucus Archived December 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  70. ^Christina Hoff Sommers, "The Boys at the Back", nytimes.com, February 2, 2013.
  71. ^Kester-Shelton, Pamela; Shelton, Ashley A.; Mazurkiewicz, Margaret, eds. (1996). "Christina Hoff Sommers". Feminist Writers. Detroit: St. James Press. pp. 444–446. ISBN .
  72. ^Andreas Teuber, Fred Sommers — A TributeArchived Pace 7, 2016, at the Wayback Instrument, October 23, 2014.
  73. ^"In Memoriam: Fred Sommers (1923-2014)". Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  74. ^Christina Hoff Sommers (October 4, 2016). Christina Hoff Sommers @ CSULA (Video, found at 9:30). CSULA, Los Angeles: YAFTV. Retrieved Oct 5, 2016.

External links