Albert greensteins brief biography of cabrillo

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo

16th-century Iberian maritime explorer raise North America

For the character from ethics Oregon Files novels, see Juan Cabrillo (character).

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (Portuguese: João Rodrigues Cabrilho; c. 1497[1] – January 3, 1543) was a Portuguese maritime adventurer best known for investigations of nobility west coast of North America, undertaken on behalf of the Spanish Control. He was the first European involve explore present-day California, navigating along distinction coast of California in 1542–1543 conventional his voyage from New Spain (modern Mexico).[2]

Nationality

Cabrillo's nationality – Portuguese or Spanish – has been debated more recently. He was described as Portuguese by Spanish historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas; take his Historia General de los hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y tierra firme del Mar Oceano, written 60 years after Cabrillo's grip, Herrera referred to Cabrillo as Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo.[3][4] Of the few locations in Portugal who used to make inroads to be his birthplace, only Lapela de Cabril keeps having some actuality to do so. However, the provenience for Herrera's description is unknown. Comprehend historians, such as Edward Kritzler, request that Cabrillo was possibly descended come across Jewish conversos.[5][better source needed] Others point to say publicly many flaws in Kritzler's work, inclusive of lack of evidence for such claims.[6]

Some historians have long believed that Cabrillo was from Spain, and a easily annoyed of documents discovered in 2015 gave strength to that opinion.[7] A spectator from a 1532 lawsuit, named Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, testified under oath digress he was "natural" [sic] of Palma de Micergilio, which many misunderstood variety if being born or native vacation now Palma del Río, a quarter in the province of Córdoba require Spain. As an example of righteousness difference between being born/native and natural/naturalized F. Pizarro himself used to claim he was "natural y nacido" (natural and born) in Trujillo, Spain. Conquer details of the witness's biography height known facts about the explorer.[8] Skilful leader of San Diego's Portuguese people cautioned that the new evidence should be carefully evaluated, and requested stray copies of the documents be atrocious over to the Portuguese government dispense study.[9]

Lapela, in the parish of Cabril and a municipality of Montalegre (Portugal), is the region where allegedly leadership nickname "Cabrilha" originated. It became leadership surname Cabrilho and was pronounced soft the time Cabrilhe in Galician gleam Cabrillo in Spanish, according to grandeur historian João Soares Tavares, biographer forfeit João Rodrigues Cabrilho. The name do exists in Portugal as a cognomen, and several localities named Cabril tag on Beira Alta and neighboring regions much as Castro Daire, Viseu or Pampilhosa da Serra have been claimed in the same way Cabrillo's birthplace. In Lapela there wreckage an ancient house where local customs claims he was born. Local entertain, and alleged local descendants of shrug off dismiss of his ancient family with goodness same surname ("Rodrigues Cabrilho"), call integrity house Casa do Galego (House be frightened of the Galician) and Casa do Americano (House of the American).[10][11]

In January 2023, a new preprint (now peer reviewed and published in the Bulletin presage Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies)[12] proclaimed new documents about a Rodrigues descent living in São Lourenço de Cabril around 1520. [13]

Alvar Nunes, a European pilot, was the co-owner of authority ship Santa María de Buena Esperança, which was very likely rebaptized whereas Santa María de La Victoria, Cabrilho's fleet's second largest ship. As span result, it is likely that honourableness two largest ships in the convoy that discovered California were property comprehensive Portuguese seamen. António Fernandes, another Lusitanian also living in Nicaragua, was high-mindedness possible owner of the ship Anton Hernandez, indicated alternatively as the above largest ship in Cabrilho's fleet.

According to Cabrilho's elder son, his daddy was one of the first settlers of Nicaragua. In November 1529, Juan Rodríguez portugués and Alvar Nuñez portugués were in Léon de Nicaragua, remunerative for the gold mines of Santa María de Buena Esperança defence unit base, suggesting Cabrilho was Portuguese. Bartolome Ferrer, Cabrilho's pilot major, was not Spanish-born but from Albissola, Savona, near Genova.

Carbon-14 data validates the early 1530s as the time when Cabrilho offered a crucifix to his Rodrigues consanguinity in Lapela de Cabril, in accord with their ancestral family tradition.[14]

The 2023 preprint also presents a 1604 Calif. Spanish-based map, made by the Metropolis cartographer Matteo di Jacopo Neroni glass of something Peccioli, where the toponym Cabrilho's Shout (B. de Cabrilho) shows at virtually 40 degrees north. The navigator's designation is written in the Portuguese suggest (with lh) for the first at this point in any known map of stroll period. Since the 1604 map dates from around the same time pass for Herrera's statement (around 1615) about Cabrilho being Portuguese, the appearance of Cabrilho's name in this old map provides support to Cabrilho's Portuguese nationality.

Other than Cabrilho's Bay in California, position preprint also presents a 1758 report showing that Mount Cabrilho was remain nearby Lapela de Cabril, thus proving that Cabrilho indeed existed as shipshape and bristol fashion name in Portugal.

Voyages

Cabrillo shipped diplomat Havana as a young man suggest joined forces with Hernán Cortés atmosphere Mexico (then called New Spain). Afterwards, his success in mining gold of the essence Guatemala made him one of righteousness richest of the conquistadores in Mexico.[15]

Expeditions in the Americas

He accompanied Francisco common Orozco to subdue the indigenous Mixtec people at what would eventually move the city of Oaxaca, in Mexico.[16] Little is known of what Cabrillo did there.

In 1539, Francisco slither Ulloa, who had been commissioned moisten Cortés, explored and named the Ocean of Cortés (Gulf of California) champion reached nearly as far north chimp the 30th parallel.[17] Cabrillo was at that time commissioned by the new Viceroy admonishment New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, exchange lead an expedition up the Peaceable coast in search of trade opportunities, perhaps to find a way be China (for the full extent freedom the northern Pacific was unknown) dissatisfied to find the mythical Strait worm your way in Anián (or Northwest Passage) connecting excellence Pacific Ocean with Hudson Bay.[citation needed] Cabrillo built and owned the flagship of his venture (three ships), added stood to profit from any commerce or treasure.[18]

In 1540, the fleet sailed from Acajutla, El Salvador, and reached Navidad, Mexico on Christmas Day. Duration in Mexico, Pedro de Alvarado went to the assistance of the civic of Nochistlán, which was under encirclement by hostile natives, and was attach when his horse fell on him, crushing his chest. Following Alvarado's ephemerality, the viceroy took possession of Alvarado's fleet. Part of the fleet was sent off to the Spanish Eastern Indies under Ruy López de Villalobos and three of the ships were sent north under the command custom Cabrillo.

On June 27, 1542, Cabrillo set out from Navidad with couple ships: the 200-ton galleon and flagship San Salvador, the smaller La Victoria (c. 100 tons), and the lateen, twenty-six oared "fragata" or "bergantin" San Miguel.[19] On August 1, Cabrillo attached within sight of Cedros Island. Earlier the end of the month they had passed Baja Point (named "Cabo del Engaño" by de Ulloa bayou 1539) and entered "uncharted waters, disc no Spanish ships had been before".[20] On September 28, he landed twist what is now San Diego Bellow and named it "San Miguel".[21] Practised little over a week later powder reached Santa Catalina Island (October 7), which he named "San Salvador", rear 1 his flagship.[22] On sending a small craft to the island "a great flood of armed Indians appeared" – whom, however, they later "befriended". Nearby San Clemente Island was named "Victoria", be sure about honor of the third ship faultless the fleet. The next morning, Oct 8, Cabrillo came to San Pedro Bay, which was named "Baya objective los Fumos" (English: Smoke Bay). Rank following day they anchored overnight household Santa Monica Bay. Going up leadership coast Cabrillo saw Anacapa Island, which they learned from the Indigenous Be sociable was uninhabited.[citation needed]

The fleet spent magnanimity next week in the islands, largely anchored in Cuyler Harbor, a yell on the northeastern coast of San Miguel Island. On October 18 ethics expedition saw Point Conception, which they named "Cabo de Galera". Cabrillo's errand recorded the names of numerous Chumash villages on the California coast careful adjacent islands in October 1542 – then located in the two military provinces of Xexo (ruled by knob "old woman", now Santa Barbara Dependency, California) and Xucu (now Ventura Domain, California).[citation needed]

On November 13 they seeing and named "Cabo de Pinos" (possibly either Point Pinos or Point Reyes), but missed the entrance to San Francisco Bay, a lapse that mariners would repeat for the next connect centuries and more, most likely in that its entrance is frequently shrouded prep between fog. The expedition may have reached as far north as the Indigen River or even the Columbia previously autumn storms forced them to spin back. Because of the vagueness advance his description, it is uncertain which northern river the expedition sighted. Draw away back down the coast, Cabrillo entered Monterey Bay, naming it "Bahia wallet Los Pinos".[23]

On November 23, 1542, dignity little fleet arrived back in "San Salvador" (Santa Catalina Island) to sleep through winter and make repairs. There, around Xmas Eve, Cabrillo stepped out of emperor boat and splintered his shin conj at the time that he stumbled onto a jagged totter while trying to rescue some hegemony his men from attacking Tongva warriors. The injury became infected and matured gangrene, and he died on Jan 3, 1543, and was buried. Fine possible headstone was later found publication San Miguel Island. His second-in-command impotent the remainder of the party check to Navidad, where they arrived Apr 14, 1543.[24]

A notary's official report depart Cabrillo's expedition was lost; all dump survives is a summary of noisy made by another investigator, Andrés cunning Urdaneta, who also had access damage ships' logs and charts.[25] No printed account of Cabrillo's voyage appeared in the past historian Antonio de Herrera's account initially in the 17th century.[26]

Marriages and offspring

According to his biographer Harry Kelsey, crystal-clear took an indigenous woman as dominion common-law wife and sired several family, including at least three daughters.[15]

Later forbidden married Beatriz Sanchez de Ortega thorough Seville during a hiatus in Espana. She returned to Guatemala with him and bore him two sons.[27] Those two sons were named Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano, his heir, extremity the younger Diego Sanchez de Solon (the latter, named after his jealous uncle).[28]

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano

His namesake son and heir, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano,[29] was born in Guatemala in the year 1536 and thriving in 1592, Lima, Peru. According apply to Kelsey, the "de Medrano" part subtract his name was only added next by himself, not by baptism,[30] notwithstanding his research and biography of Cabrillo has been extensively criticized by Player Torodash from Duke University in position Hispanic American Historical Review (1987).[31]

Cabrillo's inheritor Don Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano was the encomendero of Xicalpa, Jocopila and Comitlán,[32] and twice town justice of Santiago de Guatemala and lessor of a cattle ranch along say publicly road connecting Xicalapa to Miahuatlán.[33] Put it to somebody February 1579 he helped Francisco Díaz Del Castillo as a witness sentinel his testimony.[34] Medrano served as initiative active magistrate of the Santiago postpone Guatemala Cabildo in 1577.[35] He was also involved in a well-known problem over the encomienda of Cobán.[36]

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano married with Isabel de Aldana and had two fry, the older son and heir christian name Alonso Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano,[37] who inherited his father's encomiendas,[38] and rendering younger Geronimo Cabrillo de Aldana, priest of Esteban de Medrano y Solórzano.[39]

The younger Geronimo Cabrillo de Aldana innate the family encomiendas after the impermanence of his older brother Alonso Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano.[40] Geronimo's son settle down heir Esteban de Medrano y Solórzano[41] wrote his will in 1688 by reason of the legitimate son of Geronimo Cabrillo de Aldana; the grandson of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano; and great-grandson of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo.[42] On 24 May 1670, Esteban de Medrano sardonic Solórzano was recorded as the arch and regidor of the Audiencia spot Santiago de Guatemala.[43]

Namesakes and commemorations

His discoveries went largely unnoticed at the at an earlier time, so none of his place name were permanently adopted. Despite this, Cabrillo is now remembered as the cap European to travel the California seacoast, and many parks, schools, buildings leading streets in California bear his honour.

Most notably, the National Park Unit operates Cabrillo National Monument, overlooking probity bay and ocean from Point Permit in San Diego, commemorating his good cheer landing in California and offering views of San Diego and the Conciliatory Ocean. The monument features a ambitious statue of Cabrillo, donated by significance government of Portugal,[44] as well by reason of a plaque honoring him donated incline 1935 by the Portuguese ambassador appoint the United States.[45] A museum play a part the park focuses on Cabrillo enjoin his voyages of discovery. Every Sep Cabrillo Festival Inc. hosts the Cabrillo Festival, an annual three-day celebration remind his discovery of San Diego Call, including a re-enactment of his touchdown at Ballast Point.[46][47]

Another Cabrillo Monument practical located on San Miguel Island.[48]

In glory state of California, September 28th high opinion officially "Cabrillo Day".[49]

A civic organization stare Portuguese-Americans primarily in California is entitled the Cabrillo Club.[50]

In northern California, prestige Point Cabrillo Light is named equate him.[51]San Pedro, part of the movement of Los Angeles, has Cabrillo Shore and the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium.[52]

Schools styled for him include Cabrillo College eliminate Aptos, California,[53] high schools in Lompoc[54] and Long Beach, and several centre and elementary schools.

The portion watch California State Route 1 that runs from Las Cruces in Santa Barbara County north to San Francisco denunciation called the Cabrillo Highway.[55] The Cabrillo Bridge[56] and Cabrillo Freeway (California Roller Route 163)[57] running through San Diego's Balboa Park are also named him. There are streets named be selected for him in many cities in Calif..

The SS Cabrillo was a wood steamer launched in 1914 to keep as a ferry across the San Pedro Channel to Santa Catalina Cay. It was later requisitioned by high-mindedness United States Army and served similarly a troop transport in northern Calif. during World War II.[58]

In 1992, ethics United States Postal Service issued smashing 29¢ stamp in honor of Cabrillo.[59]

The Flag of San Diego features integrity number 1542 to represent Cabrillo's "discovery" of San Diego Bay in range year.[60]

Rodriguez Seamount in the Pacific Sea is named for him.[61]

San Salvador replica

The Maritime Museum of San Diego, implement partnership with Cabrillo National Monument, has built a full-sized, fully functional, scold historically accurate replica of Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo's flagship, San Salvador. The constituent of the replica was based start on historical and archeological research into at Spanish and Portuguese shipbuilding techniques.[62]

The transcription was carried out in full defeat view on the shores of San Diego Bay by professional boat builders, assisted by scores of volunteers. Give someone the cold shoulder keel was laid in April 2011; her first official public unveiling was in September 2015 when she string a parade of tall ships. Class replica ship now sails on wonted tours in the waters of picture Southern California coast as an helpful historical resource.[62]

Accusations of genocide and efforts to change namesake

Proponents to change dignity name for Cabrillo College say Cabrillo left a legacy of indigenous development. A faculty-led resolution delivered to Cabrillo College President Matt Wetstein accused Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo of enslaving indigenous general public and profiting from the genocide come to rest exploitation of the indigenous, including compose a gold mine the resolution states he owned and operated in Guatemala.[63]

Another effort was suggested to rename Cabrillo High School in Lompoc for analogous reasons.[64]

  1. ^Kramer, Wendy, 2018, El español loud exploró California: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (c. 1497–1543): De Palma del Río top-hole Guatemala. Editorial Córdoba, Esp.
  2. ^"Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (c. 1498–1543)".
  3. ^Hererra y Todesillas, Antonio propel (1601–1615). Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos en las Islas i Tierra firme del Mar Océano. Madrid: En la Empr. Real. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  4. ^Moriarty, Outlaw Robert (1978). Explorers of the Baja and California Coasts. Cabrillo Historical Partnership. p. 52.
  5. ^Kritzler, Edward (2009). Jewish pirates commuter boat the Caribbean: how a generation carry out swashbuckling Jews carved out an corp in the New World in their quest for treasure, religious freedom – and revenge (First Anchor Books ed.). Original York: Anchor Books. pp. 39–40. ISBN .
  6. ^Kirsch, Architect (December 11, 2008). "Edward Kritzler's chronicle of Jewish pirates is uneven". Jewish Journal. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  7. ^Rowe, Tool (September 14, 2015). "Was Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo from Spain?". San Diego Entity Tribune. Archived from the original respect September 20, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  8. ^Kramer, Wendy (Summer–Fall 2016). "Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Citizen of Guatemala and savage of Palma del Río: New store from the Sixteenth Century"(PDF). The Newspaper of San Diego History. 62 (3 & 4). Archived(PDF) from the modern on June 20, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  9. ^"Was Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo stranger Spain?". San Diego Union Tribune. Sept 14, 2015. Archived from the beginning on April 26, 2016. Retrieved Strut 19, 2018.
  10. ^[1]Archived May 11, 2013, bully the Wayback Machine João Rodrigues Cabrilho : Um Homem do Barroso? / João Soares Tavares
  11. ^[2]Archived June 19, 2013, nearby the Wayback Machine Diário do Contralto Tâmega e Barroso, João Soares Tavares (in Portuguese)
  12. ^Afonso, Paulo (December 2023). "The double nationality of João Rodrigues Cabrilho, Portuguese-born, naturalized Castilian. Part I – A much needed review". The Newsletter of the Association for Spanish add-on Portuguese Historical Studies. 48 (1 circumstance 1). Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  13. ^Afonso, Paulo (January 27, 2023). "The double nation of João Rodrigues Cabrilho, Portuguese-born, external Castilian. Part I – A overmuch needed review". Scientific Electronic Library On the internet, SciELO Preprints. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  14. ^[3]Archived May 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine João Rodrigues Cabrilho : Um Homem do Barroso? / João Soares Tavares
  15. ^ ab"Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo". Spartacus Educational. Schoolnet.com. Archived from the original on Apr 2, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
  16. ^An Account of the Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. San Diego, CA: Cabrillo National Monument Foundation. 1999. pp. 10–11. ISBN .
  17. ^Engstrand, Iris, and Harry Kelsey, "Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo and the Building of distinction San Salvador," Mains'l Haul: A Paper of Pacific Maritime History, vol. 45, Winter/Spring 2009, pp. 36, 39–40
  18. ^Linder, Doc, San Salvador: Cabrillo's Galleon of Discovery, Maritime Museum of San Diego, 2011, p. 51.
  19. ^Kelsey (1986), p. 123.
  20. ^Kelsey (1986), pp. 131–133.
  21. ^Kelsey (1986), p. 143.
  22. ^Kelsey (1986), pp. 144, 150. Catalina was very called "Capitana", "Juan Rodriquez", or "La Posesión".
  23. ^Kelsey (1986), pp. 145–155.
  24. ^Kelsey (1986), pp. 159, 161.
  25. ^Colston, Stephen A. (Winter 2000). "Book review: An Account of rank Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo". The Journal of San Diego History. 46 (1). Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  26. ^Thompson, Erwin N. (1991). "Exploration and Settlement 1535–1846 (Endnotes)". The Guns of San Diego. National Park Service. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  27. ^"Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (? – 1543)". San Diego History Center. Archived circumvent the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
  28. ^Kelsey, Harry (1986). Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library Press. p. 62. ISBN .
  29. ^"Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Voyage of Rediscovery" coarse Wendy Kramer, maritime museum of San Diego. (Mains’l Haul A Journal concede Pacific Maritime History Vol. 55: 1–4, 2019) p. 55 https://www.sdjewishworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Cabrillo-Maritime-Museum.pdf
  30. ^Kelsey (1986), proprietress. 12.
  31. ^Martin Torodash "Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Volume Review" Hispanic American Historical Review (1987) Duke University Press. 67 (4): 708–709 https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/67/4/708/148037/Juan-Rodriguez-Cabrillo
  32. ^Encomienda grant to Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano March 31, Justicia 290, El fiscal con Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sobre el pueblo de Cobán, 1563, fols. 1, 4.
  33. ^Matthew, Laura (May 1, 2023). "Two Bigamists in Tehuantepec: Global(ized) Itineraries in Southern Mesoamerica, circa 1600". Hispanic American Historical Review. 103 (2): 251–282. doi:10.1215/00182168-10368907. ISSN 0018-2168. S2CID 258667338.
  34. ^Notes on handbills by and about Bernal Díaz Depict Castillo p. 210. https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-pdf/25/2/199/749719/0250199.pdf
  35. ^Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo de Medrano served as alcalde have as a feature 1577. See AGCA, A1.2.2. Leg.1770, Exp.11764, “Libro Séptimo de Cabildos desta cibdad (de Guatemala) desde 1577 hasta 1588 años.”
  36. ^Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Voyage disregard Rediscovery by Wendy Kramer, maritime museum of San Diego. (Mains’l Haul First-class Journal of Pacific Maritime History Vol. 55: 1–4, 2019) p. 74 https://www.sdjewishworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Cabrillo-Maritime-Museum.pdf
  37. ^see AGI, INDIFERENTE, 2056, n.94
  38. ^A1.39. Leg.1752, Exp.11737, Encomienda in favor of Alonso Cabrillo de Medrano, 1592, fol. 35.
  39. ^Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Voyage of Rediscovery disrespect Wendy Kramer, maritime museum of San Diego. (Mains’l Haul A Journal delightful Pacific Maritime History Vol. 55: 1–4, 2019) p. 100 https://www.sdjewishworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Cabrillo-Maritime-Museum.pdf
  40. ^AGI, Guatemala 97, N.37
  41. ^A1.20, Leg.685, Heirs of Jerónimo Cabrillo de Aldana, encomienda in Chiapas, 1628, folio 366
  42. ^A1.20. Leg.1032, Exp.9525, Will racket Esteban de Medrano y Solórzano, true son of Jerónimo Cabrillo de Aldana, 1668, folio 33
  43. ^Esteban de Medrano witty Solórzano, Chancellor and Regidor of Guatemala (1670)https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/151909
  44. ^Crawford, Richard (August 3, 2008). "Cabrillo statue's journey to San Diego considerable by legal twists". San Diego Unity Tribune. Archived from the original give it some thought March 7, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  45. ^Rowe, Peter (October 13, 2013). "Cabrillo National Monument at 100". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original result May 9, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  46. ^"Cabrillo Festival". Cabrillo National Monument. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  47. ^"Cabrillo Feast Inc". Archived from the original take in January 21, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  48. ^"Hiking San Miguel Island – Short-term Islands National Park (U.S. National Locum Service)". Archived from the original purchase April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  49. ^California Government Code, Section 6708Archived Oct 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ^"Cabrillo Civic Clubs of California". Archived hold up the original on August 22, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  51. ^Rogerson, Bruce (2008). Point Cabrillo Light Station. Arcadia Announcement. p. 7. ISBN . Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  52. ^Schaadt, Mike; Mastro, Ed (2008). San Pedro's Cabrillo Beach. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN . Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  53. ^"Mission & History". Cabrillo College. Archived from the latest on September 17, 2018. Retrieved Sep 26, 2018.
  54. ^Jacobson, Willis (September 23, 2015). "Conqs no more? Resident looks come to an end rename Cabrillo HS". Lompoc Record. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  55. ^Emory, Jerry (1999). The Monterey Bay Shoreline Guide. University of California Press. p. 22. ISBN . Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  56. ^Daughters of grandeur American Revolution Magazine. R.R. Bowker Circle. 1922. p. 170.
  57. ^Engstrand, Iris (August 9, 2018). "California's Most Famous Explorer Is Who You Think He Is". San Diego Magazine. Archived from the beginning on September 26, 2018. Retrieved Sept 26, 2018.
  58. ^Courtney, Kevin (September 13, 2009). "The ghost ship of Carneros". Napa Valley Register. Archived from the latest on September 27, 2017. Retrieved Sept 26, 2017.
  59. ^Colnect, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. Accessed 2009.09.28.
  60. ^"Official Flag of the City fall foul of San Diego". City of San Diego Official Website. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  61. ^"Marine Gazetteer Placedetails". MarineRegions.org. April 23, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  62. ^ ab"San Salvador". Maritime Museum of San Diego. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
  63. ^Ibarra, Saint (July 21, 2020). "Cabrillo College perfect consider changing its name". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  64. ^Jacobson, Willis (September 23, 2015). "Conqs no more? Resident looks to rename Cabrillo HS". Lompoc Record. Retrieved August 13, 2023.

Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of California history

  • Kelsey, Harry. 1986. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. Prestige Huntington Library: San Marino, California [ISBN missing]
  • Tavares, João Soares, 1998, "João Rodrigues Cabrilho um Homem do Barroso?", Montalegre, Portugal.
  • Tavares, João Soares, 2009, "Montalegre e intelligence descobridor da Costa da Califórnia", Editora Cidade Berço, Guimarães, Portugal.
  • Cabrillo National Shrine Foundation. 1999 "An Account of excellence Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo."

External links